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GRE、GMAT、LSAT三大考试推理题差异分析
http://www.sina.com.cn 2002/03/26 10:52  新东方教育在线

  陈向东《GRE,GMAT,LSAT逻辑推理》

  申请美国大学研究生院所要求的三大标准化考试——GRE、GMAT和LSAT中,很重要的一部分就是逻辑推理。在GRE与LSAT考试中,逻辑推理作为Logical Reasoning出现;在GMAT考试中,作为Critical Reasoning出现,尽管这三类考试的逻辑部分在出题背景、问题目的类型及阅读要求方面有些差异,但整个逻辑推理的思维却无任何差异。这三类考试的逻辑问题分布情况如下表所示:

  Summary of Logic Question Distributions

         Numbers of    Minutes     Questions   Arrangement

         Logic Sections Per Section Per Section of Questions GRE cat    1          60       35  21-25 Analytical

                                 10-14 Logical LSAT      3          35     24-26  1 sect.Analytical

                                 2 sect.AnalyticalGMAT cat    1          75      41  14 Critical

         Part combined                14 Analytical

         verbal                    interspersed with

                                 other verbal

                                 questions

  下面我们一块来看三道分别来自于GRE、GMAT处LSAT的逻辑推理题:

  ◆◇GRE SAMPLE

  A recent study of an insurance company’s underwriters indicated that those who worked in pleasant physical surroundings were 25 percent more productive than their peers in unpleasant physical surroundings. Objective criteria for evaluating job performance included caseload and complexity of cases. This shows that improving workers’environments increases those workers’productivity.

  Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?

  (A) One average, less-productive employees spend no fewer hours per day at their workstations than do their more productive peers.

  (B) Unpleasant surroundings give employees less motivation to work hard than more pleasant surroundings do.

  (C) The more-productive employees are generally rewarded with pleasant office space.

  (D) More-productive employees do not work any more hours than their less-productive peers.

  (E) Peer pressure discourages employees in crowded, unpleasant surroundings from making phone calls to their own family members during work time.

  译文:最近对一家保险公司的保险商的一项研究表明,处于令人舒适的工作环境中的同事的效率要高25%。评价工作业绩的客观标准包括工作量与案例的复杂程度。这表明,改善工人的工作环境能够提高他们的效率。

  以下哪一项,如果正确,最能削弱以上结论?

  (A)平均而言,生产效率低的雇员并不比他们工作效率高的同事在工作场所花费的时间少。

  (B)令人不适的工作环境,相对于令人舒适的工作环境来说,更不能激励雇员卖力工作。

  (C)率较高的雇员通常被回报以令人舒适的工作环境。

  (D)效率较高的雇员并不比效率低的同事工作时间长。

  (E)同行的压力使得在拥挤、令人不适的环境里工作的雇员不能在工作时间给家人打电话。

  解析:段落推理是由一项研究的结果:“处于令人舒适的工作环境中的雇员比处于不大舒适的工作环境中的同事的效率要高25%”,就得出结论:“改善工人的工作环境能提高他们的效率”。但此研究结果中涉及的效率高与工作环境好二者之间谁并不知道,就由此研究得出结论说“工作环境好导致效率高”。本题是典型的Weaken,重点在于Weaken结论,那么选项(C)表明,效率高导致了工作环境好,与推理的结论明显冲突。因此(C)正确。(A)、(D)讲述的是效率低的雇员与效率高的雇员的相同点,不可能起到Weaken作用;(B)起到部分支持作用;(E)涉及新概念making phone calls,因此为无关选项。

  ◆◇GMAT SAMPLE

  A researcher discovered that people who have low levels of immune-system activity tend to score much lower on tests of mental health than do people with normal or high immunesystem activity. The researcher concluded from this experiment that the immune system protects against mental illness as well as against physical disease. The researcher’s conclusion would be most seriously weakened if it were true that

  (A) there was a one-year delay between the completion of a pilot study for the experiment and the initiation of the experiment itself

  (B) people’s levels of immune-system activity are not affected by their use of medications

  (C) a few people with high immune-system activity had scores on the test of mental health that were similar to the scores of people who had normal immune-system activity

  (D) people who have low immune-system activity tend to contract more viral infections than do people with normal or high immune-system activity

  (E) high levels of stress first cause mental illness and then cause decreased immune-system activity in normal individuals

  译文:一个研究人员发现免疫系统活性水平较低的人在心理健康测试中得到的分数比免疫系统活性水平正常或较高的人低。该研究人员从这个试验中得出结论,免疫系统既能抵御肉体上的疾病也能抵御心理疾病。

  以下哪个如果正确,研究人员的结论将得到最有力的削弱?

  (A)在针对试验性研究的完成与开始试验本身之间有一年的间隔时间。

   

  (B)人们的免疫系统活性水平没有受到他们服用的药物的影响。

  (C)免疫系统活性高的一些人在心理测试方面的得分一样。

  (D)与免疫系统活性正常或高的人相比,免疫系统活性低的人更易得过滤性毒菌引起的感染。

  (E)高度压力首先导致心理疾病,然后导致正常人的免疫系统活性的降低。

  解析:本题为反对题型。段落推理为“该研究人员从免疫系统活性水平低与心理健康的低分数的联系中得出结论,免疫系统活性实际上可以抑制心理疾病。很明显,在我们只知道免疫系统活性水平低与心理健康测试得分低这两类事情存在,并不知道是前者导致后者,还是后者导致前者,就得出结论说免疫系统活性实际上可以抑制心理疾病时,就可能性会犯错误。如果高度压力导致心理疾病进而导致免疫系统活性降低,正如(E)所说,则会把上段落推理因果倒置,因此,削弱了上面研究人员的结论。所以(E)正确。(A)中的“间隔时间”与上述结论无关;(B)对上面推理也起不到作用;(C)说的是共同点,因此不可能削弱上面结论;(D)与“心理健康测试”无关。

  ◆◇LSAT SAMPLE

  Doctors in Britain have long suspected that patients who wear tinted eyeglasses are abnormally prone to depression and hypochondria. Psychological tests given there to hospital patients admitted for physical complaints like heart6 pain and digestive distress confirmed such a relationship. Perhaps people whose relationship to the world is psychologically painful choose such glasses to reduce visual stimulation, which is perceived as irritating. At any rate, it can be concluded that when such glasses are worn, it is because the wearer has a tendency to be depressed or hypochondriacal.

  The argument assumes which one of the following?

  (A) Depression is not caused in some cases by an organic condition of the body.

  (B) Wearers do not think of the tinted glasses as a means of distancing themselves from other people.

  (C) Depression can have many causes, including actual conditions about which it is reasonable for anyone to be depressed.

  (D) For hypochondriacs wearing tinted glasses, the glasses serve as a visual signal to others that the wearer’s health is delicate. (E) The tinted glasses does not dim light to the eye enough to depress the wearer’s mood substantially.

  译文:长时间以来,英国的医生认为戴墨镜的病人更易于消沉并患上忧郁症。对因诸如心脏疼痛和消化不良等身体不适而住院的病人进行的心理测试证实了这一联系。或许觉得周围的一切使得心理上痛苦的人选择这样的墨镜去减少视觉刺激,视觉刺激被认为是令人易发怒的。不管怎么说,人们可以得出结论,如果人们戴上这样的墨镜,这是因为戴墨镜者有消沉或患有忧郁症的倾向。

  上述论述做了下面哪一个假设?

  (A)消沉在某些情况下不是由身体的有机条件造成的。

  (B)戴墨镜者认为墨镜不是一种把自己与别人疏远开来的立法。

  (C)消沉有很多原因,包括任何人消沉都合乎情理的真实条件。

  (D)对于戴墨镜的忧郁症患者来说,眼镜可以作为让别人看来戴镜者的健康不佳的视觉信号。

  (E)墨镜没有把光线变得如此暗淡以致使戴镜者的心情急剧消沉。

  解析:本题为假设,重点看前提与结论。因此读题重点放在段落最后一句。通过读段落最后一句,我们发现,存在现象A1----戴墨镜与现象A2---这些戴墨镜者易压抑消沉,我们并不知道是A1导致A2,还是A2导致A1,段落就得出结论说是A2导致A1,那么必然性要基于的假设是A1没有导致A2。这样,(E)就切中要害。其他选项中(A)最易误选,但(A)只能是支持选项,我们可以在(A)中加入 来判定。当(A)中加入  后,只表明消沉在某些情况下是由身体的有机条件决定的,而我们只要得知,消沉在某些情况下不是由身体状况决定的,上面推理结论仍然可以正确,因此(A)支持了上面结论。(B)与“压抑消沉”无关;(C)只是一个解释性说明;(D)无论离前提还是离结论都较远。

  通过对上面三道GRE、GMAT、LSAT逻辑推理题的分析,我们可以看出这三种考试在逻辑推理部分的考查类型、问题目的类型、答案选择和思维模式都大致相同。有所不同的是,这三类考试逻辑部分题量与时间要求不大相同。GRE机考约11~14道逻辑推理题,每题平均2分钟;GMAT机考约14道,每题平均1分40秒;而LSAT每个Section24~26道题,35分钟完成,每题平均不到1分半钟。LSAT的阅读量明显大于笔试的GRE与GMAT,但GRE、GMAT机考之后逻辑推理题有所变长,其中有2~3道题与LSAT相当。这也是为什么笔者精选GRE、GMAT、LSAT考题以供想在逻辑推理题上有所提高的读者使用的初衷。




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