GMAT逻辑讲义
吴强
一、归纳题：从上到下(从原文到答案)
①读题1)注意条件句，如if, as long as等，例第二册P203 (20)
2)注意有没有否绝对化词，如only，any，no, solely等
3)注意有没有数学上的等式、不等式关系或比例(percent, proportion)
等，
例第二册第二册P117⒂、P126⒆、P169(1)、P248(14)
②判断答案的原则：(1)答案中不能出现原文中没有的新概念(包括新的动词、形容词
、
名词等，但是需要同义词的出现)
(2)若原文在某一信息点上没有绝对化概念，那么答案中也没
有
(3)不能出现新的比较
(4)答案不能和原文信息相违背。
例题：第二册P115⑽P116⑾P123⑼P126⒅
③推导结构
例题第二册P122④，讲义section 1(19题)
2)理解命题及常用表达(这一知识点需要好好把握，不仅仅在归纳题中有用，
在逻辑
描述题中，逻辑结构一致性，对上文最好的批评等问法中
都出现)
原命题和逆否命题为等价命题，逆命题和否命题为等价命题
(A→B+C,逆否命题为～B/～C→～A), (A+B→C,则其逆否命题为～C
→～A／～B)
II. unless :=if not即not A unless B表达为A→B
A unless B表达为非A→B
only if: A only if B表达为A→B
if only: A if only B表达为B→A
A is necessary to B: B→A
Whenever, whoever, wherever :=if
二、Weaken和Support演绎题型(从下到上，即从答案到原文)
weaken support
Reasoning
Premise(前提)，Conclusion(结论)，Reasoning(推理过程，前提到结论的思维
变迁)
演绎题所面临的是一个“待评价的推理”，也就是从前提到结论的这个推理是否能够
成立我是不知道的，我需要对它进行评价。根据问题的不同问法，确定不同的解题态度
，问支持，就找一个选项说它可能对，问反对，找一个选项说它不一定对，问假设考虑
使结论成立需要什么，哪一个是使其成立的一个必要条件。
1.如何正确理解weaken , support
①支持：(support),将答案放在论据和结论之间，对原文推理或者结论有支持作用就可
以，
所以既可非充分又可非必要
②驳斥：(weaken)，将答案放在论据和结论之间，对原文推理或者结论有驳斥作用就
可以，
所以也是既可非充分又可非必要
③如何理解充分和必要
1.充分：所谓充分条件就是仅有这条件就足以带来结果，不需考虑别的条件了。
它是谁成立，谁一定也成立，比如A→B,如果A成立，那么一定有B
2.必要：所谓必要条件就是没有这个条件结果一定不对。
2.前因后果结构
推理中的前提和结论在大多数情况下用因果关系来表示，根据因果关系中的结果成立
不成立我们分为两种逻辑结构，前因后果结果和Causal Explanations结构，以后讲的答
案方向点区别并不大，但是我们为了利于理解进行这个分类
前因后果结构表示：(A——B)
从这个原因是否能够得到这个结果？(注意because, since, for等原因引导词
)
这个方法是否能够达到这个目的？(注意by引导方法，To的不定式引导目的)
从这个条件是否能够得到这个结论？(注意if，when, as long as等引导条件
)
★注意上面的结果、结论到底能不能够成立，目的到底能不能够达到，还不确定
。
驳斥、支持方向：
A方法可行，P122(7)
A-B之间P113(3)、P116(12)
A之外因素的影响B P113(2)、P123(11)
直接对B说讲义Section 1第4题
3.Causal Explanations
a.对一个事实的发生、一个现象的存在，一个研究的发现，提出一种解释
也就是为什么这个事实会发生呢?为什么这个现象会存在呢?是这个原因导致的
b.从一个已知的,已经发生的事实,已经存在的现象中得到一个结论,这个结论其实还是
对上面的事实发生、现象存在做出了一种解释
★注意上面的结果、事实，现象都是已经发生，已经成立了，问到底是不是这个原因导
致的，
这也是Causal Explanation结构和前因后果结构最本质的区别，务必仔细体会。
Causal Explanation结构的典型引导词：result、due to、reason、attribute to、
hypothesize、
the explanation is、be responsible for
、
把这个事实当作B,把这个原因解释当作A，
答案方向：这个原因和结果之间的关系？(B-A之间)
有没有别的原因来对上面的事实、现象、研究发现作出解释(A之外的其他
原因)
支持：直接：就是这原因导致结果，具体还可以表现为没有这个原因就没有这个结果。
例题：讲义Section 1第1题，P201(12)
间接：没有别的原因解释上面的事实或现象
驳斥：直接：原因和结果无关，具体表现为有这个原因没有这个结果或者没有这个原因
有这个结果
例题：P114(7), P115(9)
间接：还有别的原因存在解释上面的事实或现象P124(13)
如何统一两种结构的答案方向？
4.Weaken, Support读题：
1)重点是找出原因和结果两句话，如果没有任何原因指示词，那么重点在
结论，紧
靠结论因果词(therefore ,thus)前面的往往就是原因
2)对to的不定式要读出(往往表示为对一个目的提出一个方法)
3)对any, all, none, everyone, each, no, in general, on the whole
等
词需注意，因可能会为范围差异
4)对only, solely加以注意，例：第四册：P18⑿
5)对动词的程度修饰，例：第四册：P7⑥
5.一些辅助的类型
范围差异、数据得结果、因果顺序、比较原则
三：“Assumption”题型
假设定义：使结论成立的必要条件
①读题：和weaken ,support读题方法完全一样，再注意when、if等词语
②答案方向：
前因后果结构
1)因果关系差异概念的桥梁作用(A-B之间)
例题：P115(8)、P122(5)、P200(7)、P202(15)、P248(12)、P249(16
)
2)A可行性或者原因有意义：P228(9)、P246(7)
3)没有其他的因素来影响这个结果或者结论P248(12)、P250(18)
Causal Explanations:
1)没有这个原因就没有这个结果(两者之间)
3)没有其他的原因来解释上面的事实或者现象P173(16)、P229(13)
★注意此类假设其答案中，很可能会有否定词或类似否定概念出现
注意：和weaken、support一样，这两种结构的答案方向完全可以统一
四：“evaluate”题型
1.定义：对某个问题两方面的回答(yes and no)或者某个信息两方面的回答，对原
文推理如果
一方面回答起到支持作用，则另一方面回答起到驳斥作用，如果一方面回答起到
驳斥作
用，则另一方面回答起到支持作用，这个问题或者信息就对原文有评价作用。
★注意一定是yes and no回答都起到作用，如果仅仅一方面回答起到作用，则
不是评价
2.答案方向：1)直接说，结果和原因之间有没有关系(A-B)例：第二册P172(10)、
P198(3)
2)A是否可行或者有意义。讲义section 1(11题)
3)间接性答案：除A之外是否还有别的因素影响B，例：第四册P104⑨
或者有没有其他的原因来解释原文中存在的事实或者现象
注意：evaluation、assumption和weaken, support的统一
五：解释现象
1.解释result, situation等，统称为解释结果
具体读出要解释什么，现象是什么，解题要点：抓住要解释的对象，具体发生了什么
变化
2.解释矛盾，找一个选项说明为什么会存在这种矛盾，解题主要抓住区别点
3.答案要明确，满足无推导、无充分性。讲义section 1(第20题)
六.完成一段话“题型”
找答案需满足：1)在句子意思上满足原文，特别是可将最后一句话补全
2)答案必须和原文前半段描述有关系
例：第二册：P60⑧P70④P201⒁
七.“上文使用何种有疑问技术”题型(逻辑描述)
并不是让你找一个选项对上文推理进行驳斥，也不是问原文推理的缺陷，而是让你用逻
辑描述的语言来描述一下原文的推导过程。
例：第三册P4 (17)第四册P85⑨
八、提高(由学生自己去训练培养对weaken support等题的感觉)
1.Weaken:——求异2.Support:——求同
所谓求同、求异就是答案和原文的一致或不一致，而不是答案中谁与谁一致或不一致，
它要求既不要考虑原文的因果之间为什么会如此，也不要考虑答案中因果之间为什么会
如此，更不可考虑此答案是如何使得对原文有支持或驳斥作用的，而仅仅辨认在答案满
足和原文有关时是保持和原文一致还是不一致，这一点往往对于难题来讲，特别还仅仅
剩下两个选项需要辨别的时候，更为有用
例：“因为这儿有个人，所以蚂蚁有两条腿。”对这一论证的支持或驳斥不应考虑为什
么人和蚂蚁有关，而只考虑在答案中说有人或说蚂蚁两条腿的情况下，找其相同或不同
就可以了，如“相邻近处没有人，蚂蚁也有两条腿”，在满足说蚂蚁有两条腿时说的是
没有人，和上边论述不一致，因此可weaken同理说“在邻近处没有人，蚂蚁也就无两条
腿，”就有support作用，你所需做的仅仅是寻找相同或不同点，仅此而已，大家可由第
三册上P1②P2⑼P3⑿P5⒇P28③⑤P29⑿⒂P46⑥P47⑩⒀等题
去理解weaken，由第二册上P30⑾P31⒇P45④
P48⒂等理解support.
九、最后读题
GMAT改为机考后，逻辑题长度明显增加，对此除提高阅读能力外(不是阅读技巧)
，主要要做训练看对一段话中在仅读一遍的情况下，究竟哪句话为结论，然后看出和结
论相关的直接原因是什么，最后次要地看出和直接原因相关的性质点中，原文提出过什
么就可以了，但对于“归纳”题型只能学会一边读一边思考原文的层次是什么，脑中将
层次留下，无其他好方法。
Section 1
1. The town of Stavanger, Norway, was quiet and
peaceful until the early 1960’s, when Stavanger
became Norway’s center for offshore oil exploration.
Between then and now, violent crime and vandalism
in Stavanger have greatly increased. Clearly, these
social problems are among the results of Stavanger’s
oil boom.
Which of the following, if it occurred between the
early 1960’s and now, gives the strongest support
to the argument above?
(A) The people of Stavanger rarely regret that their
town was chosen to be Norway’s center for
offshore oil exploration
(B) Norwegian sociologists expressed grave concern
about the increase in violent crime and
vandalism in Stavanger.
(C) Violent crime and vandalism have remained low
in Norwegian towns that had no oil boom.
(D) Nonviolent crime, drug addiction, and divorce
in Stavanger increased approximately as
much as violent crime and vandalism did.
(E) The oil boom necessitated the building of wider
roads for the increased traffic in Stavanger.
2. Since 1945 there have been numerous international
confrontations as tense as those that precipitated the
Second World War, and yet no large-scale conflict
has resulted. To explain this, some argue that fear
of enormous destruction such as the Second World
War produced has had a dramatic deterrent effect.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the deterrent theory mentioned above?
(A) After the First World War, the fear of great
future destruction was as intense as it was
after the Second World war.
(B) Psychologists have determined that the fear
of retaliation tends to temper aggressiveness
among human beings.
(C) The Second World War was far less destructive
than most people generally believe.
(D) Fear of repeating the levels of destruction that
the Second World War produced is as pervasive
today as it was forty years ago.
(E) Many of the international confrontations that
have occurred since 1945 have involved countries
that participated in the Second World War.
3. A list of the fifteen operas most frequently performed
in recent times includes no works by the nineteenth
century German composer Richard Wagner. Although
music producers tend to produce what audiences want,
relative infrequency of performance probably does
not indicate lack of popularity in Wagner’s case, since
Wagner’s operas are notoriously expensive to perform
on stage.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly
support the conclusion of the argument above？
(A)The list of most frequently performed operas
does not include operas produced by small
amateur groups.
(B)Some opera companies are backed by patrons
who are willing to commit large sums of
money insgroupsto enjoy lavish productions.
(C)All of the fifteen most frequently performed
operas of recent times are works that have
been popular for at least 75 years.
(D)More recordings have been produced recently of
the works of Wagner than of the works of any
other composer of opera.
(E)Operatic works of all kinds have been increasing
in popularity in recent years.
4. V-shaped walled structures in central Asia
were used by prehistoric hunters who drove
hoofed animalssintosan enclosure at the point
of the V. The central Asians who built these
structures probably learned this hunting
technique from invaders from southwest Asia,
because the arrival of invaders from a region
in southwest Asiaswheressimilar structures had
long been used coincides roughly with the
building of the earliest of such structures in
central Asia.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens
the argument?
(A) Excavations in the central Asian region do
not indicate whether invaders from
southwest Asia settled permanently in
central Asia.
(B) The V-shaped structures in central Asia
were roughly 70 meters long, whereas the
similar structures in southwest Asia were
usually over 300 meters long.
(C) The walls of the structures in central Asia
were made from earth, whereas the walls
of the structures in southwest Asia
were made of rock.
(D) The earliest examples of V-shaped walled
structures in central Asia were of an
advanced design.
(E) Some of the walled structures used for
hunting in southwest Asia were built well
after the earliest such structures were built
in central Asia.
5. The average age and racing experience of the drivers
at the Indianapolis 500 automobile race increased
each year between 1965 and 1980. The reason for
the increase is that high-speed racing drivers were
living longer than their predecessors. Race-car safety
features that reduced the severity of crashes of the
kind that formerly took drivers’lives were primarily
responsible for the increase in the average age of the
Indianapolis 500 competitors.
Which of the following, if true, would be most likely
to be part of the evidence used to show that safety
features on the cars that protected drivers in major
crashes were responsible for the increase in the
average age of drivers at the Indianapolis race?
(A) Younger drivers at high-speed racetracks
were involved in major accidents at a
slightly higher rate than were older drivers
between 1965 and 1980.
(B) Major accidents on high-speed racetracks
occurred at about the same frequency in the
years after 1965 as in the years before 1965.
(C) The average age of drivers attempting to
qualify for the Indianapolis 500 decreased
slightly between 1965 and 1980.
(D) Accidents on highways in the United States
occurred at about the same frequency in the
years after 1965 as in the years before 1965.
(E) Other safety features, involving the condition of
the racetrack and the uniforms worn by the
drivers while driving, were adopted at
Indianapolis between 1965 and 1980.
6. Calvin: Fire insurance policies are disadvanta-
geous to policyholders. The typical poli-
cyholder always pays more in premiums
than he or she collects in payments on
policies.
Lorraine: Yes, but policyholders are still right in
thinking that it is to their advantage to
hold an insurance policy. The peace of
mind that comes fromshavingsan insurance
policy is the main advantage to the poli-
cyholder.
Lorraine addresses Calvin’s argument by
(A) Questioning the source of Calvin’s factual infor-
mation
(B) introducing a consideration neglected by
Calvin’s argument
(C) showing that Calvin’s argument assumes what
it sets out to prove
(D) challenging the truth of the evidence advanced
in Calvin’s argument
(E) showing the irrelevance of Calvin’s evidence to
the conclusion he draws
7.X: When a rare but serious industrial accident
occurs, people respond by believing that such
accidents are becoming more frequent. This
belief is irrational. After all, being dealt four
aces in a hand of poker, a rare event, hardly
increases one’s chances of being dealt four aces
in a future hand.
Y: To the contrary, the belief is rational because it
results in people’s sensing a danger to them-
selves not previously sensed and taking precau-
tionary actions to prevent similar accidents in
the future.
Y’s attempt to counter X’s claim is best described
by which of the following?
(A) It questions the aptness of the analogy drawn
by X.
(B) It makes apparent X’s failure to consider how
people vary in their responses to a serious
accident.
(C) It shifts the basis for judging rationality to
considerations of utility.
(D) It offers an alternative explanation of why
people form incorrect beliefs.
(E) It challenges X’s assumption that the occur-
rence of a single event is sufficient to change
a belief.
8.
John: It is permissible and even advisable to
execute criminals convicted of brutal
murders. After all, a publicized execution
can serve to deter heinous crimes and thus
minimize suffering in the long run. Capital.
punishment is a kind of societal self-defense.
Mary: You are ignoring the prior issue of whether
a state or society has the right to take
anyone’s life. If there is no such right. then,
the issue of whether capital punishment
deters crime is irrelevant.
If it were determined dial capital punishment does
not serve to deter crime. John’s and Mary’s posi-
tions would be affected in which of the following
ways?
(A) Neither John’s nor Mary’s position would be
affected.
(B) Both John’s and Mary’s positions would be
weakened.
(C) Mary’s position would be strengthened but
John’s position would not be affected.
(D) John’s position would be weakened but Mary’s
position would not be affected,
(E) John’s position would be weakened and Mary’s
position would be strengthened.
9. Excluding purchases by businesses, the average
amount spent on a factory-new car has risen 30 per-
cent in the last five years. In the average household
budget, the proportion spent on car purchases has
remained unchanged in that period. Therefore the
average household budget must have increased by
30 percent over the last five years.
Which of the following is an assumption on which
the argument relies？
(A)The average number of factory-new cars pur-
chased per household has remained unchanged
over the last five years.
(B)The average amount spent per car by businesses
buying factory-new cars has risen 30 percent in
the last five years.
(C)The proportion of the average household budget
spent on all car-related expenses has remained
unchanged over the last five years.
(D)The proportion of the average household budget
spent on food and housing has remained
unchanged over the last five years.
(E)The total amount spent nationwide on factory-
new cars has increased by 30 percent over the
last five years.
10. Editorial：
Critics of nuclear power complain about the allegedly
serious harm that might result from continued operation
of existing nuclear power plants. But such concerns do
not justify closing these plants；after all, their operation
has caused no more harm than that caused by pollution
generated by coal-and oil-burning power plants, the
most important other sources of energy.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the
argument depends？
(A) Existing nuclear power plants should be closed only
if it can be conclusively demonstrated that their
continued operation is likely to cause harm more
serious than the harm their operation has already
caused.
(B) Closing existing nuclear power plants would require
greatly increased reliance on coal-and oil-burning
power plants.
(C) The harm that has resulted from operation of
existing coal and oil-burning power plants has
been significant.
(D) The harm that a nuclear power plant is likely to
cause as it continues to operate can be reliably
predicted from the past history of nuclear power
plants.
(E) The only harm that has resulted from operation of
existing coal and oil-burning power plants has
resulted from the pollution generated by these
plants.
(F) Closing existing nuclear power plants would require
increased reliance on coal-and oil-burning power
plants.
11. Sleep deprivation is a known cause of workplace
error, and many physicians frequently go without
sleep for periods of 24 hours or more. However, few
of these physicians have, in the course of a routine
examination by a peer, been diagnosed with sleep
deprivation. So there is little cause for concern that
habitual sleep deprivation will cause widespread
physician error.
The answer to which of the following questions
would be most helpful in evaluating the argument？
(A)Do physicians who have been diagnosed with
sleep disorders also show signs of other ills not
related to sleep deprivation？
(B)Is the ability to recognize the symptoms of sleep
deprivation in others significantly impaired by
habitual sleep deprivation？
(C)Do factors other than habitual sleep deprivation
ever lead to errors in the workplace on the part
of physicians？
(D)Of people who have recently been treated by
physicians, what percentage believe that many
physicians have occasionally suffered from sleep
deprivation？
(E)Is the incidence of sleep deprivation higher
among physicians than it is among other health
care workers？
12. The organizers of tomorrow’s outdoor concert
announced that it will go on tomorrow on schedule
unless bad weather is forecast or too few advance
tickets are sold. If the concert is canceled, refunds
will be made to ticket holders. Since some ticket
holders have already been issued refunds even though
more than enough advance tickets were sold, it must
be the case that bad weather is forecast.
Which of the following is an error of reasoning
contained in the argument?
(A) It proceeds as if a condition, which by itself is
enough to guarantee a certain result, is the only
condition under which that result would occur.
(B) It bases a conclusion that is known to require
two conditions on evidence that bears on only
one of those conditions.
(C) It explains one event as being caused by another
event, even though both events must actually
have been caused by some third, unidentified
event.
(D) It treats evidence for the absence of one condition
under which a circumstance would occur
as conclusive evidence that that circumstance
will not occur.
(E) Evidence given to support the conclusion actually
undermines it.
13. When six out of ten people who had eaten the egg
salad at an office party became ill shortly after-
ward, the leftover egg salad was tested. Testing
failed to confirm the presence of any harmful
bacteria in the egg salad. It follows that the egg
salad was not responsible for the illness of any of
the people who ate it.
Which of the following is an error in the reasoning
of the argument above?
(A) Treating the cause of a sequence of events as if
it were the result of that sequence of events
(B) Rejecting a possible explanation without
suggesting an alternative explanation
(C) Failing to consider the possibility that those
who did not become ill shortly after eating
the egg salad became ill later
(D) Treating a lack of proof that something is the
case as constituting sufficient proof that it is
not the case
(E) Overlooking the possibility that some people
are more susceptible to harmful bacteria
than are other people
14. Which of the following most logically completes the
argument below？
In recent years, the proportion of car buyers who buy
new cars rather than used cars has declined.Some
consumers have attributed this change to an increase
in new-car prices.As evidence of the price increase,
they cite figures that show that, even adjusting for
inflation, the price that the buyer of a new car pays,
on average, is far higher now than a few years ago.
This evidence is unpersuasive, however, because___
(A)the value of a car that is bought new declines
much more rapidly than does the value of a
car that is bought used
(B)after someone has bought a car, it might be
several years before that person next buys
a car
(C)a decline in the proportion of car buyers who
buy new cars must necessarily mean that the
proportion who buy used cars has increased
(D)the relative increase in used-car sales might be
explained by the decisions of only a small
proportion of all car buyers
(E)the change in the average price paid for a new
car could result solely from more people’s
rejecting inexpensive new cars in favor of used
cars
15. Which of the following most logically completes the
argument below?
Alone among living species, human beings experience
adolescence, a period of accelerated physical growth
prior to full maturity. Whether other hominid species,
which are now all extinct and are known only through
the fossil record, went through adolescence cannot be
known, since _____
(A) the minimum acceleration in physical growth
that would indicate adolescence might differ
according to species
(B) the fossil record, though steadily expanding, will
always remain incomplete
(C) detecting the adolescent growth spurt requires
measurements on the same individual at different
ages
(D) complete skeletons of extinct hominids are
extremely rare
(E) human beings might be the first species to benefit
from the survival advantages, if any, conferred
by adolescence
16. Medical personnel who served in heavy combat in
a recent war-even those who escaped physical
injury-now have lower incomes and higher divorce
rates, and score lower on psychological profiles measur-
ing general happiness, than medical personnel who
served in less stressful settings during that war. This
evidence demonstrates that exposure to heavy-combat
situations produces serious adverse effects, even
among those who suffered no physical harm.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens
the conclusion drawn above?
(A) The medical personnel who served in heavy
combat had completed significantly less
schooling prior to military service than had
other medical personnel.
(B) The medical personnel who served in heavy
combat tended to be younger at the time of
their entrysintosmilitary service than were
other medical personnel.
(C) Parents of medical personnel who served in heavy
combat show no significant difference in
incomes, divorce rates, or general happiness
from parents of other medical personnel.
(D) Income levels, divorce rates, and levels of general
happiness are the same for the medical
personnel who served in heavy combat as
they are for construction workers.
(E) Medical personnel who served in heavy
combat in an earlier war show no significant
difference in incomes, divorce rates, or
general happiness from other medical
personnel who served in that war.
17. Jan: People should not go to the new exhibition of
Thornton’s paintings. Thornton will be given a
portion of the admission proceeds and Thornton,
a violent sociopath, should not be supported.
Kim: Your recommendation is inconsistent with your
actions, because you read poems by poets who
also were violent sociopaths.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest
basis for Jan to counter Kim’s argument?
(A) Thornton’s portion of the exhibition’s proceeds
are being donated to a cause deemed worthy
by Thornton.
(B) It is quite difficult, if not impossible, for Jan to
discover the behavioral tendencies of the artists
Jan reads.
(C) Kim does not use products made by companies
whose hiring practices Kim finds abhorrent
(D) The poets derived no benefit from Jan’s reading
their poems.
(E) The poets’violent behavior is better known to
the public than is Thornton’s violent behavior.
18. It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause whi
ch is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inf
erred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic o
f the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to de
scribe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one
described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars
to our historical society. I would guess that
that individual also volunteers at the
children’s hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation,
which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the
radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The city orchestra received more funds from the local
government this year than ever before. Clearly this
administration is more civic-minded than
previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I
heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they
evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water,
it will evaporate.
19. Economist: Any country that is economically
efficient will generate wealth. Such a
country will remain politically stable
only if that wealth is distributed equitably.
The equitable distribution of wealth puts
an end to risk taking, the indispensable
precondition of economic efficiency.
Which of the following conclusions can be properly
drawn an the basis of the statements above
(A) No country can indefinitely remain both
economically efficient and politically stable.
(B) No country can indefinitely remain both
politically unstable and wealthy.
(C) Economic efficiency is the indispensable
precondition for the generation of wealth in
a country.
(D) Any country in which wealth is distributed
equitably will indefinitely remain politically
stable.
(E) Growing economic efficiency encourages risk
taking, which in turn leads to further growth
in economic efficiency.
20. In the past ten years, there have been several
improvements in mountain-climbing equipment.
These improvements have made the sport both safer
and more enjoyable for experienced climbers. Despite
these improvements, however, the rate of mountain-
climbing injuries has double in the past ten years.
If all of the statements above are true, which of the
following, if true, best reconciles their apparent
discrepancy?
(A) Many climbers, lulledsintosa false sense of security, use the new equipm
ent to attempt climbing reats of which they are not capable.
(B) Some mountain-climbing injuries are caused by
unforeseeable weather conditions.
(C)Mountain climbing, although a dangerous sport, does
not normally result in injury to the experienced climber
(D) In the past ten years there have been improvements in
mountain-climbing techniques as well as in mountain-
climbing equipment.
(E) Although the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has
increased, the rate of mountain-climbing deaths has
not changed.
--
I would fly you to the moon and back
If you’ll be if you’ll be my baby
Got a ticket for a worldswhereswe belong
So would you be my baby
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