以下是我在11月考试中总结的关于Argument的资料，供大家参考

　　每篇必用的经典词

　　必然类：necessarily ensure warrant guarantee causal

　　明显类：conspicously obviously clearly apparently

　　怀疑类：doubtly unconvincing unacceptable unwarranted unfounded

　　可能类：possible probably likely

　　There is a good chance that...

　　It is more likely that...

　　It is equally possible that...

　　因果类：result in result from therefore as a result

　　转折类：even though however otherwize

　　其他类：As we all know....

　　A great deal of emprical evidence shows that....

　　It dosen't follow that...

　　The fact tells very little about ....

　　Another assumption short of legitimacy is that....

　　模板之8大逻辑错误

　　以下只是我在写作中常用的几个模板，仅供参考。

　　1.A gruondless survey/study

　　The validity of the survy is open to doubt.

　　The survey lacks representativeness...

　　There is no specific information about the survy...

　　Without knowing how the survey was done,how it represents the public opnion

　　Who conducted the survy?who responded?how the pool was conducted?

　　The opinon lacks representativenss of overall attitudes based on which we

　　can make any general judgement about the conclusion....

　　In absence of specific information about the survey,it’s impossible for us to evaluate the argument.

　　2.Oversiplification

　　The arguer commits a fallacy of oversimplification.

　　There are several major factors contribute to the XXX other than YYY ,such as/for instance ZZZ, all of which are ignored by the arguer.

　　As we know ,XXX depends on many factors ,such as ZZZ, which are unknown from the argument.

　　The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between XXX and YYY .

　　For example ,YYY may also help explain XXX.

　　Factors such as AA and BB both have some bearing on XXX.

　　Actually,the recommendation that YYYY as the only way to XXX most likellly turn out to be ineffective and somewhat misleading.

　　3.A false analogy

　　The argument is based on a false analogy.

　　Even though there are some points of comparison between XX and YY,there are dissimilaritied as well.

　　But the problem is that the two situation are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.

　　As we know,the struction,system,operation are conspicously different.

　　It's a incomplete and selective comparison.

　　Even though XX is proved effective in YYY,there is no guarantee that it will just work as well in ZZZ.

　　4.A gratuitous assumption

　　The argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that ####,which is,of course unwarranted.

　　The arguer fails to convince us that....

　　5.A false dilemma

　　The arguer unfairly assumes that we must make an either/or choice between XX and YY.

　　XX and YY are not necessarily mutually-exclusive alternatives.

　　Adjusting XX and YY together might produce a better result.

　　6.A hasty generalization

　　We are informed that XXX,but we do not know whether all of ### prefer ###.

　　We can believe that XXX is indeed ###,but based on this slim informatin we can never evaluate the overall performance of YYY.

　　7.A fallacy of "after this ,therfore bacause of this"

　　The arguer unfairly assumes that XXX caused YYY,since many other reasons may explain that###.

　　Unless other possiblities have be considered and ruled out ,the conclusion is unconvicing.

　　8.All things are equal.

　　The arguer commits a fallacy of "all things are equal".

　　The arguer assumes without justification that the background condtions have ramained the same at different time and different places.

　　文章结构

　　In this argument, the arguer recommends that ####,to support this conclusion the arguer cites the result of a resent survy that ####,moreover the arguer points out that ####. As it stands ,the argument suffers from several critical flaws as follows.

　　First of all,the arguer commits a fallacy of ###.

　　In addtion,the validity of the survy is open to doubt.#####

　　Finally,the argument is based on a gratiutous assumption that ####.

　　To sum up,the conclusion reached in the argument lacks credibility since the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims.To make the argument more convincing, the arguer should provid more information concerning ####, to better evaluate the argument ,we need more concret evidence that ####, otherwise the argument is logically unacceptable.