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智力竞赛
http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/02/17 14:46  新浪教育

  在亨利克先生的课堂里,我们所做的,除了讨论、课题研究外,再就是考试。就好像一种预定的模式--“条理型”老师的杰作。说来也奇怪,这种看起来千篇一律的做法,到了亨利克先生的手里又变得有趣起来。

  老师都爱搞“课题研究”。坦白地说,所谓“课题研究”对老师来说,就是放松一两个星期,让学生来创造一切。这是真的,回家不用改作业,也用不着为写考试题头痛。你可以坐下来,舒舒服服地靠在那里,看着你的学生们像没头苍蝇似的忙忙碌碌,赶在“课题研究”的期限前完成任务。很多老师都是这么做的。其实,这样的“课题研究”,不少学生也都是应付了事的。从教科书里抄几段,就算完事。不过,说来也是,又不是个个都要领诺贝尔奖,不少人是看准将来当兵、开卡车的,不抄才奇怪。

  不过,亨利克先生最不喜欢这种“课题研究”。在七年级刚开学的第一周里,亨利克先生就对我们申明了他的教学观点。他说:“如果我每天都照着教科书一页一页地读给你们听,首先,我就感到无聊。我是个老师,如果老师都感到无聊,我找不出任何理由让学生去照着做,你们不烦我都烦。特别是面对你们这群孩子(他指的是SCOPE天赋班),我更不能这样做!”

  亨利克先生把家庭作业也批评了一番:“我很明白,你们中的大多数,即便是做完了家庭作业,也不一定能学到些什么。所以,我宁愿让我的学生把精力集中在既有趣又能学到些东西的活动上。如果你喜欢读课本,请便,用你自己的时间。请记住,在大多数情况下,我们不会有很多‘Busy Work’(老师通常会给学生留不少作业,目的就是想让学生总是有事做)……”

  亨利克先生的这个教学哲学,会让很多老师无所适从。其实,若真要用亨利克先生的教学哲学来组织教学、组织学生搞“课题研究”、做家庭作业,老师该做的事还真不少呢。

  亨利克先生在他课堂上组织的课题研究和各种学习活动生动极了。杰帕迪(Jeopardy)--智力竞赛就是一例。

  杰帕迪是美国一个很有名的智力竞赛电视节目,也是我们全家爱看的一个节目。据说已经搞了很多年了,许多来自全国各地的聪明人都会到这个节目中较量一番。

  杰帕迪比赛时,一般都是三个人对着干。先从几道不同的大题目中选一道你认为有利于你的题目与对手抢答。每道大题下有五个小问题,每个问题都标明不同数量的钱。抢答时,谁最快,且答得对,谁就可以赢下那笔相关的奖金。最后以赢奖金的多少来排定名次。

  在美国社会里,杰帕迪的主题音乐已经成了智力竞赛的标志。杰帕迪也几乎成了国家的(icon)图像。

  八年级的某一天,我们一走进亨利克先生的教室,就发现黑板上画着格子,标有不同价码的美元数目……大家都兴奋起来:“哇,杰帕迪!”

  亨利克先生笑眯眯地宣布“亨利克--杰帕迪”开始。

  班里的男生对女生,亨利克先生戏称是一场性别大战,看看哪一方算得上超级性别。

  大家又叫又跳,很快就“阵线分明”了:男同学都坐在教室的左边,女同学都聚在右边。

  竞赛的大题目包括:“殖民地时期的美国”、“帕提克-亨利”、“托马斯-杰富逊”、“英国征税”等等,全都与美国大革命的历史有关,正是我们当时学习的内容。

  比赛的规则是:一个男同学对抗一个女同学。两人都坐在离黑板同样距离的椅子上。听到问题后跑向黑板,用事先准备好的粉笔在黑板上写下答案。谁写得快且对,其代表的一方就可以得到相关的“钱”。同时还获得选择大题目的权力。

  亨利克先生还宣布,获胜队的每个人在下一次考试时都加5分。

  很不幸,我们男生队一开场就失利。为什么呢?因为女生先抢到了选择大题目的权力。她们内部合作得很好,选题前大家都通好了气,谁懂什么,都清清楚楚。结果,老师出的题都在她们的掌握之中。

  当女生们的“财富”已经涨到500美元时,我们男生还是“不名一文”。

  轮到我了,没出手之前,我已经想了个“坏”点子,要让好形势向我方转换。

  亨利克先生在宣布规则时说,拼写一定要正确,不能用缩写,否则不算赢,等等。

  总之,我计划中要做的事,他没有任何规定。我准备钻个小空子。

  我的对手是爱瑞卡-赫立顿。我很清楚爱瑞卡能答得出绝大部分问题,所以我不能把希望寄托在她的失误上。

  她们选的大题目是“名人”。

  这时,亨利克先生给小问题:“这个人以他的快速机智和‘银舌’而出名!”

  我还来不及想答案,也没等自己想清楚,就抢先跑上讲台,并随手把女队的粉笔向教室后面一丢。爱瑞卡没有了粉笔,当然写不成了,等她把粉笔找回来,我已给自己争得了几秒钟思考的时间。

  爱瑞卡尖声叫喊着,跑到教室后面去找寻那支粉笔,不管是男生还是女生都笑得从椅子上跌了下来。

  糟糕的是,我光顾搞恶作剧,竟然没来得及想问题,眼看爱瑞卡“卷土重来”,我的脑子里还是一片空白……

  我又心生一计:黑板上用一条中线分出男女队的地盘,我一鼓作气在女队的地盘上乱画一气,全画满了线,还把中线大大地向她们的地盘深处挪动了一块。

  这时,女同学一边笑一边开始嘁嘁喳喳抱怨起来。当然,男同学却个个为我叫好。

  爱瑞卡使劲把我推开,擦去黑板上的乱线,开始在黑板上写答案。她刚刚写了个“Pat”,我的记忆力就恢复了。我一把把她推开,快速地写下“Patrick Henry”。我这时的反应和动作要比当年的帕提克-亨利(Patrick Henry)都要快。(帕提克-亨利是美国历史上很有名的律师。他有一句名言是“不自由,毋宁死”。他以头脑反应敏捷、口齿伶俐著称。)

  当我写完时,爱瑞卡只写了:“Patrick Hen…”

  女生没完成拼写,这回我们总算“赢”了。

  我马上跑进我们的“领土”,同队友们共同庆贺这个来之不易的第一次“胜利”。

  亨利克先生笑得脸都红了。他好不容易才忍住笑,说道:“男同学赢了他们的第一个问题,这个问题值100美元。但是……因为矿是靠‘小动作’赢得的这一题,我要从中减去99美元……”

  这一下,对抗的成绩变成了1比500,但男生终于拿到了选题权。

  我们不怕落后,一路穷追“富寇”……

  下课铃响了,对抗的成绩已经变成1149比1100。男生赢了!

  女生一输就蔫。我们男生为自己庆功,好不得意了一阵子。每个男生在下一次考试时都会得加5分。

  嘿,先别太得意忘形!老师还没做总评呢。

  亨利克先生大声宣布说:“今天的课大家都很努力,下次考试,每个人加5个附加分。”

  听清楚了吗?是每一个人!

  其实,亨利克先生是在帮我们做考试前的复习呢。他为我们创造了一个互相竞争的环境,利用我们大家都想赢的心理,让我们不由自主地拼命想多懂一些,主动从失误中学习。当然,这又是个有趣的、轻松的环境。有谁会拒绝在这种环境中学习呢?

  在结束这一节前,我有个关于学习环境的怪想:在亨利克先生班上,同学们都变得很爱学习,个个都想成为懂得最多的人。竞争几乎贯穿了整整两年,如果你是个老师,你发现你的学生都那么士气十足,那么,你应该拍拍自己的肩膀,祝贺一下自己。

  因为,你干了件大好事!

智力竞赛

  Jeopardy—a Game of Intelligence

  Mr. Henrich's class usually went in this sort of a pattern: Discussion, project, another discussion and then a test. You might say that's a pretty methodical teaching, but once you saw some of the projects we did, the word "methodical" would be the last thing on your mind.

  Teachers like to give projects to their class. Frankly, a project is a way for a teacher to relax for a week or two while their students created them. Instead of going home to grade homework or writing up a test, you just sit back and watch the students as they scurry about trying to finish their projects. That's the common way that most teachers look at projects. Actually, many students slack off during the projects and barely slip by. A little copying from the book is all it takes. Come to think of it, that's pretty much true. Not everyone is Noble Prize material; many will end up driving trucks or in the army. I would be more surprised if there were no copying.

  Mr. Henrich saw it differently. The first week or so of 7th grade, he explained his philosophy on homework. He said, "Well, this is how I see it. When I read to you page after page from the book (our textbook), I get bored. And I'm the teacher! If the teacher gets bored, I don't see any reason students should have to. Especially gifted students such as you (All he teaches is SCOPE classes)." Mr. Henrich also criticized the normal idea of "homework". He said, "For most of you, I understand that you do the homework you have and still don't learn a thing, so I would rather have the entire class focus on something we can have fun doing and also learn at the same time. If you like reading, then please be my guest and read the book on your own, but for the most part we won't have much busy work (work that a teacher assigns just to keep his or her students busy, such as a worksheet or a chapter in a book)."

  Mr. Henrich's teaching philosophy would make many teachers clueless as to how to do their job. Actually, if someone were to use Mr. Henrich's philosophy as the standard of teaching, the list of things a teacher would have to do would be quite lengthy.

  As expected, the projects we did in Mr. Henrich's class were very dynamic. Jeopardy is a perfect example.

  Jeopardy. Everyone has seen Jeopardy or some show with the Jeopardy likeness. It is an incredibly popular show here in America. We enjoy watching it very often. People from all over the country come on the show to compete with each other.

  There are a total of 3 contestants in one game of Jeopardy. Contestants choose questions from a variety of different topics. Within each topic there are 5 questions. Every one of the questions represents a different value in money. The first person to answer, wins that amount of money. The person with the most money at the end wins the game.

  The theme music from Jeopardy has become a symbol of thinking or thought. Jeopardy itself has almost become a national icon.

  One day in 8th grade everyone walkedsintosMr. Henrich's class and on the board we saw a big grid of topics and money values. Everyone instantly said, "Jeopardy!"

  As the bell rang, Mr. Henrich walked in and said in a very announcer like voice, "Today on Henrich Jeopardy, it's the guys versus the girls, in a battle of the sexes, to show who reigns as the supreme gender!!"

  Everyone was giddy with excitement and we split upsintostwo groups, girls versus guys. And sure enough we started to play Jeopardy.

  The topics included "Colonial America", "Patrick Henry", "Thomas Jefferson", "English Imposed Taxes" and so on. All of them dealt with historical facts from Revolutionary America.

  Each team would go one by one, so one guy and one girl would go up to the front of the room and sit down on two chairs. The chairs were equal distance away from the board and each of them would have a piece of chalk. Whoever won the last question gets to choose the next question and the amount of money they want to bet. Mr. Henrich would then ask the appropriate question according to which topic and how much money was bet. Then the guy and the girl sitting in the chair would have to run up to the board and the first person to write their answer and circle it won that round. Whoever won the game would get 5 extra points on their next test.

  We started and almost immediately the guys started to lose. Why? The girls got to pick questions first. This gave them a chance to discuss amongst themselves what they knew and chose topics accordingly, so they would always end up with the questions that they knew.

  It was about 500 dollars for the girls to 0 for us.

  It was my turn. I had had a little idea to swing the balance over to us.

  Mr. Henrich had stated the rules earlier. No abbreviations, correct spelling, and if what you wrote wasn't legible, it didn't count. He never said anything about what I was about to do. I had found a loophole.

  I went up against Erica Helton, whom I was sure, knew most of the answers so I couldn't rely on her missing the question.

  She chose the topic "Famous people"

  The question that Mr. Henrich gave was "This person was renowned for his quick wit and his 'silver tongue'."

  I wasn't sure that I knew the answer, but I was sure that Erica knew it because they had picked the topic. I forgot to mention that our pieces of chalk were laid on the little stand in front of the board. We both instantly ran up to the board, I got there first and knocked her chalk across the room and started thinking.

  Everyone started cracking up and falling out of his or her seats, laughing, as Erica ran after her chalk and I stood there thinking about the answer.

  The problem was that I had only thought of throwing the chalk, I didn't think of what to do next. I couldn't think because of all the laughing and I saw that she had gotten her chalk and was running back to write her answer on the board. My mind was still blank as far as the answer was concerned. I had another idea. A line down the middle divided the board. The line separated the guy's side of the board and the girl's. I grabbed my chalk and started scribbling all over her side of the board so that the entire side was covered with scribble, which she would have to erase.

  By now all the guys were cracking up and the girls were all complaining, but still laughing at the same time. Erica ran over and pushed me out of the way and started to erase the scribble and write in her answer. Suddenly after she had written "Pat". I remembered the answer, "Patrick Henry". I ran over, pushed her out of the way and started to write faster than she did. After I circled my answer "Patrick Henry". I acted faster than Patrick Henry himself at that moment. (Patrick Henry was a renowned lawyer who's most famous line "Give me liberty or give me death!" brought him fame throughout the country as a quick witted, tough talking individual.)

  I looked over and she only had "Patrick Hen" written down.

  I immediately ransintosmy own "territory" and celebrated with passion at our hard-earned first question.

  Mr. Henrich was all red from laughing, but he finally collected himself and said, "Guys win their first question and are awarded 100 points, but because of the un-sportsmanlike way that Kuan won the point, I will deduct 99 points from their score." So the score was now 1 to 500 and everyone was still laughing.

  It didn't matter, because we were already behind and had nothing to lose. So we gave chase to the 500-dollar leaders. Now we got to choose the topic and we slowly climbed back.

  Before we could finish the game, the bell rang and the score of 1149 to 1100 meant that we had won the 5 points. The girls complained and whined almost immediately. The guys were all giving each other 5's and running around yelling, "We get 5 points!"

  Maybe we celebrated a little too over zealous. The teacher hadn't made his decision yet.

  Before we could leave Mr. Henrich said loudly, "Good class today guys, everyone gets 5 points on their test."

  Did you hear that? He said everyone!

  Maybe that wasn't really a "project", but it sure was different and maybe it wasn't a normal way a teacher conducts class, but it was very effective.

  In fact, Mr. Henrich used that as a review for the test that took place a few days later. After being put in such a competitive atmosphere, the students actually wanted to win. And because they wanted to win, they wanted to get the questions right and that involved remembering and learning from missed questions. Not only was it a fun little activity that the entire class did, it is definitely something that more teachers should do to get the class to want to learn something. This feeling of competitiveness appeared in just about all of things we did that year. Everyone always wanted to out do everyone else.

  This gave me a strange thought. In Mr. Henrich's class, it seemed that every one of the students wanted to learn and remember what they were learning. This started and continued for two whole years. If you are a teacher and you find that your students are this enthusiastic about learning, then you should give yourself a pat on the back and congratulate yourself.

  You've done something really cool.




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放飞美国--一个中国男孩和七个美国老师 专题
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