surging--- To increase suddenly. Used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating

　　surpass--- To be or go beyond, as in degree or quality; exceed胜过=exceed, outrun

　　sustain--- To keep in existence; maintain继续生存；维持=maintain

　　sustenance--- Something, especially food, that sustains life or health营养物，尤指食物=fare Food and drink; diet食物和饮料

　　Means of livelihood生计=livelihood

　　supplement---Something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole补充物，用来完成某事、补充不足、扩展或加强=extension

　　An addition that increases the area, influence, operation, or contents of something扩大

　　supreme---Greatest in importance, degree, significance, character, or achievement最重要的=outstanding

　　succinct---Characterized by clear, precise expression in few words; concise and terse简明的=concise

　　sufficient---Being as much as is needed充足的=adequate

　　sumptuous---Of a size or splendor suggesting great expense; lavish豪华的；花费奢侈的=luxurious

　　substantial--Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent有重大价值的=considerable Worthy of consideration; significant重要的

　　substitute---One that takes the place of another; a replacement代用品=replacement, in place of代替

　　subsidize---To assist or support with a subsidy以津贴补助=finance To supply funds to给…提供资金

　　subtle--So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze; elusive纤细的，细小的=slight

　　submit---提出，提交=present提出；呈递

　　subsidy---Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest补助金=financing融通资金

　　subject to ---在...条件下;易受...的侵袭;受控制=expose to, susceptible to

　　stretch---A continuous or unbroken length, area, or expanse连续不断的长度，地区或空间=span The extent or measure of space between two points or extremities, as of a bridge or roof; the breadth跨度两点或两端间的空间

　　strike---To engage in a strike against an employer罢工=walkout

　　To come to; attain来到；到达= make contact with

　　striking--- Arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent Immediately noticeable; conspicuous显眼的

　　stringent--- Imposing rigorous standards of performance; severe严格的=strict

　　stimulus--- Something that incites or rouses to action; an incentive激发物=motivate

　　strain ---To pull, draw, or stretch tight拉紧=tension The act or process of stretching something tight拉紧

　　stationary--- Not capable of being moved; fixed不能被移动的；固定的=fixed, immobile

　　status---Position relative to that of others; standing地位=standing

　　sticky---shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface; adhesive粘的=adhere, cement

　　staple--- A basic or principal element or feature主要成分，基本成分=basic element

　　squirt--- To issue forth in a thin forceful stream or jet; spurt喷=spurt out v.喷出

　　staggering-- Causing great astonishment, amazement, or dismay; overwhelming令人大为吃惊、惊讶或沮丧的；使束手无策的=overwhelming

　　spur--- To incite or stimulate刺激，鞭策=stimulate

　　speculate about--- To assume to be true without conclusive evidence推测=hypothesize To assert as a hypothesis假设

　　spinal---Of, relating to, or situated near the spine or spinal cord; vertebral脊柱的=backbone

　　spark--- To set in motion; activate发动；触发=bring about引起;致使;造成;达成

　　spawn--- To give rise to; engender造成；使产生=create

　　solemn--- Deeply earnest, serious, and sober庄严的，极认真的，严肃的=serious

　　slope---declivity A downward slope, as of a hill斜坡

　　smother--- To suffocate (another)使窒息=eliminate To get rid of; remove消灭；消除

　　snap--- To pull apart or break with a snapping sound折断=break

　　signify--- To denote; mean表示…的意思=denote

　　simultaneously---同时存在[发生]地=concurrently同时发生的，并存的；合作的

　　skepticism-- A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind; dubiety怀疑态度=doubt

　　shield--- To protect or defend with or as if with a shield; guard保护、防卫=protect

　　secrete-- To conceal in a hiding place; cache躲藏=produce？？

　　scarce--- Hard to find; absent or rare难得的；缺少的或罕见的=rare

　　scores--- A composition written for a musical comedy配乐=musical compositions音乐作品

　　scent--- A perfume香水=perfume

　　scale--- To climb up or over; ascend攀登=climb

　　sanitation--- Formulation and application of measures designed to protect public health.

　　卫生措施=health

　　tremendous--- Extremely large in amount, extent, or degree; enormous巨大的=huge, greatly

　　trend--- A general tendency or inclination趋向=tendency

　　trap--- A contrivance for catching and holding animals, as a concealed pit or a clamp like device that springs shut suddenly陷阱=entomb To place in or as if in a tomb or grave埋葬

　　trace--- A visible mark, such as a footprint, made or left by the passage of a person, an animal, or a thing痕迹=imprint, residue The remainder of something after removal of parts or a part残留物

　　textile--- A cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric纺织品=cloth, fabric

　　terrestrial--- Of, relating to, or composed of land陆地的=land

　　terrain--- An area of land; ground地区；地带=land

　　tedium--- The quality or condition of being tedious; tediousness or boredom单调乏味=tiresome

　　temporarily--- Lasting, used, serving, or enjoyed for a limited time在有限的时间内持续地、被使用、发挥作用=makeshift A temporary or expedient substitute for something else.

　　权宜之计,暂时或临时替代其它事物的东西

　　usher--- To precede and introduce; inaugurate宣告，展示介绍；开始，开创=begin

　　unrestricted--- adj.无限制的,自由的=unlimited

　　unsubstantiated---未经证实的，未经证明的=unverified未经证实的，未经核对的

　　unravel--- To separate and clarify the elements of (something mysterious or baffling); solve分散并澄清=discover

　　undoubtedly---确实，无疑地，必定=unquestionably不成问题的;无可非议的;无可指责的

　　undergo--- To pass through; experience经过；经历=experience

　　unadorned--- Without adornment or embellishment; simple or plain未加装饰的；简单的，朴素的=plain

　　venerable--- Commanding respect by virtue of age, dignity, character, or position值得敬重的，令人崇敬的=worship Ardent devotion; adoration.热烈的崇拜；崇敬

　　variable--- Likely to change or vary; subject to variation; changeable易变的=unstable

　　vivid--- Evoking lifelike images within the mind; heard, seen, or felt as if real生动的=graphic Described in vivid detail生动细致地描写的

　　witness--- To take note of; observe作记录；观察=observe

　　yield--- To give forth by or as if by a natural process, especially by cultivation生产=provide, produce

　　Supplements

　　adjunct-addition辅助-附加

　　coarse-rough粗糙-粗糙

　　collectively-together共同的-一起

　　conclusive-definitive最后的，结论性的-最后的，确定性的

　　concomitant with-in conjunction with与…相一致-与…相一致

　　condone-mercy宽恕-宽恕

　　conflict-opposition冲突-相反

　　considerable-great(数量、程度)巨大的-巨大的

　　considerable-much大量的-大量的，坚实的

　　considerable-substantial大量的-大量的，坚实的

　　consort-associate合伙人，伴侣-合伙人，伙伴

　　consult-counsel商量-商量

　　contemporary-existing当代的-现存的

　　customary-usual习俗的-一般的

　　dampen-moisten使潮湿-使潮湿

　　daring-bold大胆的-大胆的

　　demand-order要求-命令

　　demonstrate-show证明-显示

　　dirt-soil土壤-土壤

　　disaster-catastrophe灾祸-大灾祸

　　discreet-careful谨慎的-小心的

　　disseminate-spread/impart/inform传播-散布/传播/传播

　　distinct-different截然不同的-不同的

　　distinct-obvious明显的-明显的

　　distinct-separate分别的，截然不同的-分离的

　　distinction-difference区别-差别

　　draw-attract吸引-吸引

　　embrace-welcome(欣然)接受-欢迎

　　embrace-recipient接受者-接受者，收件人

　　enable-allow使能够-允许

　　end-goal目的-目的

　　entomb-trap埋葬-使陷于…之中

　　eradicate-eliminate根除-清除

　　execute-create(按计划和设计)做成，制成-创造

　　expedient-makeshift权宜之计-权宜之计

　　exponential leaps-rapid increases几何级数般的跳跃-快速增加

　　expose-uncover揭露-揭露

　　first rank-highest quality顶级的-最高档次的

　　fixture-commonplace object固定设备-常规物体

　　flatter-compliment奉承-赞美

　　frame-pose给…设框-使摆好姿势

　　fundamental-basic基本的-基本的

　　glow-shine发光-发光

　　hard-firm坚硬的-坚硬的

　　hemisphere-side半球-一侧

　　incise-carve切割-雕刻

　　ingot-a block of metal金属锭-一块金属

　　initially-at first最初-第一

　　instance-case案例-案例

　　instantaneous-immediate立杆见影的-立即的

　　intervention-influence干涉-影响

　　inviting-attractive吸引人的-吸引人的

　　lament-complain about令人对…感到遗憾-抱怨

　　lure-attract引诱-吸引

　　maneuver-trick策略，花招-诡计

　　margin-edge边缘-边缘

　　meticulous-careful谨小慎微的，过分注意细节的-小心的

　　milestone-significant development里程碑-重大的发展

　　minuscule-tiny微小的-微小的

　　minute-tiny微小的-微小的

　　monopolize-dominate垄断-支配

　　moreover-furthermore进一步说-进一步说

　　mundane-ordinary世俗的-平常的

　　myriad of-many无数的-许多的

　　nevertheless-however然而-然而

　　novel-innovative新颖的-创新的

　　outline-summarization概要-概述

　　outstanding-excellent出类拔萃的-很好的

　　peak-maximum顶峰-最大值

　　peculiar-distinctive独特的-独特的

　　pertinent-relevant相关的-相关的

　　phenomenon-event现象-事件

　　pick up-follow沿着-沿着

　　picture-imagine/describe想象，描写-想象/描写

　　ponder-meditate沉思-沉思

　　ponderous-heavy笨重的-沉重的

　　pore-hole孔-洞

　　position-location位置-位置

　　potential-possible潜在的-可能的

　　prefer-favor倾向，喜欢-喜欢

　　preoccupation-involvement全神贯注-全神贯注

　　preside over-manage掌管-掌管

　　prominent-prestigious卓越的-著名的

　　rapid-swift快速的-迅速的

　　rather-instead相反-相反

　　readily-easily容易地-容易地

　　realization-awareness认识到-认识到

　　reap-gain收获-获得

　　reckless-irresponsible不负责任的-不负责任的

　　relate-connect与…有关-与…有关

　　reliance-dependence依靠-依靠

　　remarkable-extraordinary非凡的-非凡的

　　roll back-reduce把…压到标准水平-降低，减少

　　roughly-approximately大约-大概

　　secure-acquire弄到，获得-获得

　　secure-safe安全的-安全的

　　set-establish设置-建立

　　settle-locate定居-坐落

　　shy away from-avoid躲避-躲避

　　since-because因为-因为

　　site-location地点-位置

　　skilled-expert熟练的-熟练的

　　skyrocket-increase rapidly快速上升-迅速增加

　　sole-only唯一的-唯一的

　　sort out-separate区分-分离

　　spot-identify发现-确定，鉴别

　　story-tale故事-故事

　　strategy-scam/trick诡计-诡计/诡计

　　strength-basis力量的源泉-基础

　　stress-emphasize强调-强调

　　stringent-strict严格的-严格的

　　struggle-competition挣扎-竞争

　　succinct-concise/terse简短的-简明的/简短的

　　supposed-seeming假定的-表面上的

　　supremacy-dominance至高无上-优势

　　suspend-hang悬挂-悬挂

　　tangle-twist/jumble纠缠-缠绕、使混乱

　　tempting-attractive吸引人的-吸引人的

　　thankful-grateful感谢-感激

　　uniform-integrate统一-整合

　　unique-particular独一无二的-独特的

　　vary-differ改变-与…不同

　　vast-large宽广的，巨大的-巨大的

　　vibrate-convulse震动-震动

　　vigilant-alert警惕的-警惕的

　　virtually-actually/practically/almost实质上(几乎)-实际上(几乎)/实际上(几乎)/几乎