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　　Virginia and her guest, Johnson, have just watched Planet of the Apes on DVD:

　　J: Hmm. Apes that evolve into something humanlike? Pretty unlikely, methinks.

　　V: Definitely. Evolution within a species or family of species does not have to increase in complexity.

　　J: Right. If it did, every fish in the ocean would now have limbs and live on land.

　　V: Exactly. Because countless ecological opportunities remained for fish underwater, plenty of them remained aquatic.

　　J: Another thing: the most developed species, like humans and apes, are products of a very specific combination of selection pressures and genetic mutations over millions of years. There’s no reason why such a combination will repeat itself.

　　V: Right. Planet of the Apes simply exploits the fallacy1 that present-day apes are traveling down the same evolutionary path as ourselves.

　　J: When it’s widely accepted among scientists that at some point five to eight million years ago, humans and apes diverged2 to form the two separate species we know today.

　　V: Yeah. As descendants of a common ancestor, apes are our evolutionary cousins.

　　J: The main bone of contention3 remaining among the boffins4 is which species in the fossil record is the so-called“missing link.”

　　V: What John say? Virginia not understand.