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布什的新情报总管
http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/05/12 21:29  英语沙龙

  John Negroponte faces intrigue subterfuge and shadowy2 fighters. And that's just in Washington

  约翰-内格罗蓬特面临着阴谋、诡计和面目不清的可疑斗士。而这只是在华盛顿一地

  After more than 40 years serving under every President since Kennedy in such trouble spots as Vietnam Honduras and Iraq U.S. ambassador to Iraq John Negroponte 65 is the consummate3 diplomat—discreet deliberate and always careful choosing his words whether in English French Greek Spanish or Vietnamese. So a day after President Bush nominated him to be the nation's first Director of National Intelligence DNI Negroponte's brief exchange at a breakfast with the ambassadors representing the permanent members of the U.N. Security Council was telling4. Asked by a diplomat whether he should “congratulate you or offer condolences on your nomination” Negroponte replied simply with a dose of dry5 self deprecating wit6 that he doesn't often reveal“Both.”

  Given the enormous responsibilities about to be thrust upon his shoulders and the less than clear powers he will have to carry them out any ambivalence7 Negroponte might have about his promotion would be understandable. As the government's new intelligence czar and the President's primary intelligence adviser—a position created late last year by Congress after fierce lobbying by the 9/11 commission and families of the 9/11 victims—Negroponte has the job of making sure that the kinds of intelligence stumbles that led up to 9/11 and the sorts of miscalculations about Iraq's WMD programs don't happen again. Or as Bush put it more delicately when announcing Negroponte's nomination of ensuring “that our intelligence agencies work as a single unified enterprise.”

  That is easier said than done. If confirmed by the Senate Negroponte would oversee parts of 15 different agencies including the CIA the FBI the Pentagon and the Department of Homeland Security agencies whose willingness to share closely guarded secrets is notoriously poor and whose suspicion of one another is strong. CIA Director Porter Goss and FBI Director Robert Mueller for instance still haven't worked out a lingering turf war over some aspects of human intelligence gathering and the White House recently ordered that they get it done sources tell TIME.

  Bush went out of his way to say that Negroponte will deliver the President's daily intelligence briefing and will have ultimate authority over the nation's sprawling8 intel apparatus including an estimated $40 billion annual budget. But considering how vague the legislation that established the DNI is Negroponte's ability to actually do that is an open question. In fact his position puts him smack9 in the middle of what could be the nastiest bureaucratic battle in Washington for years to come a tussle over money with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld considered an almost unmatched infighter. Until now Rumsfeld controlled roughly 80% of total intelligence spending but now that control will have to be shared.

  Negroponte won't have to fight alone. His deputy Bush announced will be Air Force Lieut. General Michael Hayden who has overseen electronic eavesdropping and code breaking for the intelligence community as chief of the highly secretive National Security Agency for the past six years. Diminutive and bookish in appearance Hayden 59 has already shown himself willing to stand up to10 Rumsfeld.

  For the chattering classes of Washington the selection of Negroponte came as a surprise.

  Though Negroponte has no formal intel background he's an experienced consumer of intelligence having headed five U.S. diplomatic missions. His welltested skills as a diplomat may be particularly valuable. “He understands the power centers in Washington” Bush said of Negroponte. “That was code to the intelligence agencies that John is not going to rock the boat11”says Leslie Gelb a former Defense and State Department official and president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations.“He's not going to try to pound the table and create a revolution. The agencies would blow up anybody who would try. He'll get them in the room get them talking to each other and if Bush wants a particular thing done he will get it done.” Negroponte's patrician manner belies what friends and enemies alike say is a hardheaded resolve.

  The son of a Greek shipping magnate Negroponte was brought up amid privilege in New York City attending boarding school at Exeter and college at Yale where he played a mean game of poker and one of his classmates was CIA Director Goss who will soon be reporting to him. After graduation he joined the foreign service and was posted first to Hong Kong then in 1964 to Vietnam. There he attracted the attention of a visiting Harvard professor named Henry Kissinger who brought Negroponte to the National Security Council during the Nixon Administration but the two fell out12 when Negroponte complained to his boss that the Paris peace talks had essentially sold out the South Vietnamese. As Secretary of State Kissinger sent him next to the relative backwaters of Ecuador and Greece.

  At the beginning of the Reagan Administration Negroponte snagged13 what seemed to be a plum14 assignment in Honduras. As the base for U.S. backed contra rebels fighting the Sandinistas in neighboring Nicaragua Honduras was vital to Washington's anticommunist policies in Central America. But if Negroponte and his wife hadn't ended up adopting five Honduran children he would probably just as soon have forgotten15 his tenure there. The posting proved to be the black mark in his career. He was accused of turning a blind eye to human rights abuses by the Honduran government he says he saw no evidence of them. Just as the U.S. is being criticized for abusing and torturing suspects in the war on terrorism critics are sure to try to make that period an issue in his confirmation hearings.

  By the time the second Bush Administration came into power Negroponte thought he had left public service for good16. Having finished his career with stints17 on the NSC and in the Philippines and Mexico he had moved on to earn a great deal more money as a vice president for global markets at publisher McGrawHill. But his restlessness with corporate life led him to reach out to his old boss at the NSC Colin Powell and soon he was representing the U.S. at the U.N. working to persuade members of the necessity of war against Iraq. His U.N. tenure may soon seem like a picnic compared with his next assignment. In part owing to the White House's reservations about making drastic changes the bill establishing the DNI was written with more than enough ambiguity for Rumsfeld and Goss to exploit if they so choose. For instance the White House resisted giving the new intelligence czar so called tasking18 authority over the CIA director according to one expert meaning that in practice Negroponte can't say order up CIA action.

  While nominally handing massive new budget powers to the DNI the law also makes clear that he will not“abrogate the statutory responsibilities” of any existing intelligence related agency. That could be used by the Pentagon to justify holding onto the purse strings. Because of Rumsfeld's reluctance to challenge Bush's authority directly it's unlikely Rumsfeld will openly take on Negroponte but that does not mean he won't assert his will in more subtle ways such as keeping him out of the loop on small budget issues or stonewalling him on information requests.

  In the end whether Negroponte succeeds or fails in his new job will depend largely on the force of his personality as well as the strength of his relationship with the President. After the announcement of his nomination Negroponte returned to the State Department. While grabbing a snack in the cafeteria he bumped into a fellow ambassador who complimented him for maintaining the element of surprise until the President was ready to break the big news. “The first requirement of the national director of intelligence” Negroponte deadpanned19“is being able to keep a secret.” But unless the officeholder can make sure secrets are as well shared as they are guarded no one will be laughing.

Bush's New Intelligence Czar

  自肯尼迪始,40多年来,约翰-内格罗蓬特在历届总统手下供职且多在越南、洪都拉斯和伊拉克这种动乱的国度。他现年65岁,担任美国驻伊拉克大使,是个高明的外交家——谨慎小心、深思熟虑,且不论是讲英语、法语、希腊语、西班牙语还是越南语时都字斟句酌。因此,在布什总统提名他担任美国第一任国家情报局长后一天,在与联合国安理会各常任理事国大使共进早餐时,内格罗蓬特同他们的短暂交谈十分说明问题。一位外交官问内格罗蓬特,“对你获得提名,”是应当“祝贺呢,还是同情式的安慰”,他简单地回答说:“两样都要。”话中少有地略带冷面幽默和自贬的风趣。

  由于内格罗蓬特即将肩负的职责重大,而他在履行职责方面的权力又不那么明确,所以假如他对自己的晋升感到喜忧参半的话,那是可以理解的。作为政府新的情报工作最高主管和总统的主要情报顾问——这一职位是在9·11事件委员会和9·11遇难者家属的激烈游说后,由国会于去年年底设立的——内格罗蓬特的任务是,确保那种曾经导致9·11事件及对伊拉克拥有大规模杀伤性武器的错误评估的情报失误不会再次发生,或者,正如布什在宣布对内格罗蓬特的提名时所更巧妙地阐述的那样,是确保“我们所有的情报部门作为一个专门和统一的机构运作。”

  这说起来容易,做起来难。如果获得参院批准,内氏将监管包括中情局、联邦调查局、五角大楼和国土安全部在内的15个不同机构的情报部门。这些机构极不情愿将高度机密的情报共享是尽人皆知的,且其彼此间的猜疑极强烈。消息灵通人士对本刊记者说,如在人工情报搜集的一些方面,中情局局长波特-戈斯和联邦调查局局长罗伯特-穆勒之间的地盘之争仍在持续,因此白宫最近下令要他们了结此事。

  布什特意点明,内氏将负责提交总统的每日情报简报,并将对国家杂乱的情报体系,包括对400亿美元左右的年度预算拥有最终管辖权。但是,鉴于有关设立国家情报局长一职的立法含糊不清,所以内氏实际的操控能力便悬而未决。事实上,在今后几年华盛顿可能发生的最恶劣的官僚争斗中,他的职位都会使他首当其冲。这其中包括与国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德之间围绕着经费问题的角力,拉氏被公认为几乎无人能敌的内斗能手。迄今为止,拉氏一直把持着情报工作总开支的80%左右。但是现在,这一控制权将不得不与他人分享。

  内格罗蓬特不必单枪匹马地进行斗争。布什宣布,他的副手将是空军中将迈克尔·海登。6年来,作为高度机密的国家安全局局长,海登一直负责监督情报界的电子监听和密码破译工作。现年59岁的海登虽看起来身材矮小,书卷气很浓,但却已显示出愿意挺身而出,与拉姆斯菲尔德交锋的胆魄。

  对华府那些喋喋不休的名流阶层来说,选中内氏是出人意料之事。

  虽然内氏并无参与正式情报工作的背景,但他在利用情报上经验丰富,曾领导过5个美国外交使团。他作为外交官的久经考验的技能可能尤为重要。布什在谈及内氏时说:“他清楚华盛顿的各个权力中心。”国防部和国务院前官员兼外交协会名誉会长莱斯利-盖尔布说:“对各个情报机构来说,这是一种暗示,表明约翰不会破坏现状。他不会企图拍桌子,掀起一场变革。不管是谁试图这样做,这些机构都会将其搞掉。约翰会让他们同处一室,让他们相互交流。如果布什想要办成一件特殊的事情,约翰就会办成。”内氏高贵的风度掩饰了其被敌友双方所共称的一种务实的决心。

  内格罗蓬特是一名希腊船王的儿子,在纽约市的特权环境中长大,在英国埃克塞特上寄宿学校,又在耶鲁上大学。在耶鲁,他打得一手好扑克牌,班上的同学之一就是现在即将成为其下属的中情局局长戈斯。毕业后,他加入了国务院的驻外机关事务局,首先派驻香港,之后于1964年派驻越南。在那里,他引起一位名叫亨利-基辛格的哈佛客座教授的注意。尼克松政府时,基辛格把内氏招进了国家安全委员会。但由于内氏对其上司抱怨说,巴黎和谈实质上出卖了南越人,两人闹翻了。基辛格任国务卿后,随即将其派往相对落后的厄瓜多尔和希腊。

  里根政府执政初期,内氏捞到了驻洪都拉斯的一个看上去像肥差的职务。洪都拉斯毗临尼加拉瓜,是美国支持的、与桑地诺民族解放阵线成员作战的反政府叛乱分子的基地。洪都拉斯对华盛顿在中美洲的反共政策来说至关重要。但是,要不是内氏夫妇最终抱养了5名洪都拉斯儿童的话,他大概情愿忘记自己在那里的任期。这次任职被证明是他职业生涯中的污点。有人指责他对洪都拉斯政府践踏人权的行径视而不见;他说他没有看到任何此类证据。正如美国由于在反恐战争中虐待和折磨嫌疑犯而一直受到批评一样,批评者也一定会在国会就是否批准这项任命举行的听证会上,力图使其此番经历成为有争议的问题。

  到布什的第二届政府上台时,内氏以为自己已经永久地离开了公职。在结束在国安会、菲律宾和墨西哥的规定任期,从而给自己的职业生涯划上句号后,他转而在麦格劳-希尔国际出版公司担任负责全球市场的副总裁,他所赚的钱比以前多得多。但是,他不安于公司里的生活,因而与其在国安会的老上司科林-鲍威尔取得联系。很快,他就担任了美国驻联合国代表,致力于说服各成员国,使之认识到发动伊拉克战争的必要性。与其随后接受的任务相比,他在联合国的任期是一件轻松愉快的差事。在一定程度上由于白宫对实行重大变更持保留态度,所以关于设立国家情报局长一职的法案非常含糊,这就使拉姆斯菲尔德和戈斯二人有机可图,如果他们想如此而为的话。例如,据一位专家说,白宫抵制了给予这位新的情报最高主管向中情局局长所谓分派任务的权力,这意味着,在实际工作中内氏将不能例如说下令让中情局采取行动等。

  虽然这项法律名义上授予国家情报局长在预算问题上新的巨大权力,但同时也明确规定,他将不得“废除”现有任何与情报相关机构的“法律规定的职责”。这一点可能会被五角大楼用来为它死死抓住钱袋不放找到正当的理由。由于拉氏不愿直接挑战布什的权威,所以他不大可能与内氏公开作对。但这并不意味着,他不会以比较微妙的方式坚持实现自己的意愿,譬如在小笔预算问题上不让内氏插手,或者在内氏提出获取情报的请求时对其设置障碍。

  内氏在其新职位上最终是成功还是失败,主要将取决于他的人格力量,以及他与总统之间关系是否过硬。在宣布提名他之后,内氏返回了国务院。在自助餐厅匆忙吃快餐时,他碰见了一位大使同事。后者称赞他对此秘而不宣,从而在总统准备宣布这一重大新闻时,让人们感到意外。内氏面无表情地说:“对国家情报局长的第一项要求就是要能守口如瓶。”但是,除非担任此职的人不仅能够确保机密得到严守,而且还会得到充分的共享,否则就没有人能笑得起来。 (尹宏毅 摘译自 Time Feb. 28 2005)

  ——选自2005年4月《英语文摘》


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