实用语法精讲:英语写作常用修辞方法

http://www.sina.com.cn 2007年11月28日 11:38   英语周报大学版

  英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下:

  1.Simile 明喻

  明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.

  标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.

  例如:

  1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.

  2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.

  3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.

  2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻

  隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.

  例如:

  1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.

  2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

  3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻

  借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.

  I.以容器代替内容,例如:

  1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.

  2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.

  II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:

  Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.

  III.以作者代替作品,例如:

  a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集

  VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:

  I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.

  我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.

  4.Synecdoche 提喻

  提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.

  例如:

  1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.

  他的厂里约有100名工人.

  2>.He is the Newton of this century.

  他是本世纪的牛顿.

  3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.

  这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.

  5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉

  这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.

  例如:

  1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.

  鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.

  2>.Taste the music of Mozart.

  品尝Mozart的音乐.

  6.Personification 拟人

  拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.

  例如:

  1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.

  2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.

  7.Hyperbole 夸张

  夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..

  例如:

  1>.I beg a thousand pardons.

  2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.

  3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.

  8.Parallelism 排比, 平行

  这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.

  例如:

  1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.

  2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.

  9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法

  婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.

  例如:

  1>.He is out visiting the necessary.

  他出去方便一下.

  2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.

  他与妻子关系不融洽.

  3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.

  10.Allegory 讽喻,比方

  这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.

  例如:

  1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.

  2>.It's time to turn plough into sword.

  11.Irony 反语

  反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.

  例如:

  1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.

  2>"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.

  12.Pun 双关

  双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的

幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.

  例如:

  1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.

  2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.

  3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.

  13.Parody 仿拟

  这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.

  例如:

  1>.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.

  2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.

  3>.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.

  14.Rhetorical question 修辞疑问

  它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.

  例如:

  1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?

  2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?

  15.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶

  这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.

  例如:

  1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.

  2>.You are staying; I am going.

  3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.

  16.Paradox 隽语

  这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..

  例如:

  1>.More haste, less speed.

  2>.The child is the father to the man.

  17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻

  这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.

  例如:

  1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.

  2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.

  18.Climax 渐进法,层进法

  这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.

  例如:

  1>.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.

  2>.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.

  19.Anticlimax 渐降法

  与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.

  例如:

  1>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.

  2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes. (河北:李亚男)

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