语法点津：薄冰与司树森教授答读者问(图)

　　2007-2008 学年 第12期

　　问：在阅读中遇到这样两个句子：(1)He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he did bring home a regular salary. (2)The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees.

　　老师讲过谓语动词前加did，do是表示强调，但我不知道这种用法究竟适用于哪些情况? 此外，表示强调还有哪些方法?

　　答：在谓语动词(一律用原¬形)之前加助动词(auxiliary verb) do (does)，did是表示强调的常用形式之一，它既可用于强调肯定性的结论，也可用于强调肯定与否定的对比或用于条件、让步的对比和用于祈使句以加强语气，有“确实，的确；一定”等意义。

　　如：(3)A little knowledge does seem to be a dangerous thing.(一知半解确实是件危险的事。)

　　(4)Michael did say he would be here at nine，didn’t he?

　　(5)My parents think l didn’t study for my exams，but I did study.

　　(6)If they did approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group.

　　(7)Although I have little time for entertainment，I do go to the theatre once in a while.

　　(8)He does have money，but it’s all tied up in property.

　　(9)Do help me with the maths problem.(更加客气)

　　(10)Do stop talking!(更加强烈)应该注意：这种强调方式可与否定副词和强调副词certainly，definitely，positively等连用。

　　如：(11)The letter we were expecting never did arrive.

　　(12)—Do you remember how beautiful she was? —I certainly do remember.还应该注意，用助动词do, does, did强调谓语动词，只能强调一般现在时和一般过去时，而不能强调其他时态的谓语动词。

　　如：(13) —“Are you going to stay at the lake?” —“If I do stay，I’ll let you know.”除用助动词表示强调外，还有多种方法可以表示强调，现简述如下：最为常用的是强调句型：“It is (was)+被强调部分+that(或who，whom，which)从句”，有的语法学家把这种强调句型或结构称为分裂句(cleft sentence)或分裂结构(cleft structure)，用于强调除去谓语部分的其他句子成分，如主语、宾语、状语，偶尔也可以强调表语。

　　如：(14)It’s Jack who (that) met your sister in the park yesterday.

　　(15)It was Jim with whom Philip first came in contact.

　　(16)It was a key that I found in his pocket.(被强调的部分是物时用that)

　　(17)It was last night that John wore his best suit to the dance.(强调状语时用that) 应该注意：在非正式文体或口语中，who和that可以省略。

　　如：(18)It was Pember (who) drove Miss Sophia yesterday, wasn’t it?有时甚至句首的It is也可省略。

　　如：(19)(It is) A good，honest trade (that) you’re learning，Sir Peter.偶尔表语也可成为被强调部分。

　　如：(20)It was a doctor that he eventually became.最后，“疑问词(what，when，how，why)+is(was)it that…”结构也可用来表示强调，通常意为：“究竟……,到底……”。

　　如：(21)What is it that made him live and not go mad?

　　(22)How is it that she has not arrived? 除上述常用的强调句型或结构外，句子的倒装(inversion)也是强调的重要手段，如把谓语动词、表语、宾语、状语置于句首等，均可达到强调的目的。

　　如：(23)I’m going back to Washington to fight for it, believe you me.

　　(24)Present at the meeting were Professor Smith，Professor Brown，Sir Hugh and many other celebrities.

　　(25)“Yes,”said the youth shortly.还有双重否定等均可用于表示强调。同学们在平时阅读中可多加注意，这里就不赘述了。