（来源：芝士英语）
The world's first test-tube hamburger has already been synthesized (合成) and cooked at a cost of more than $300,000. Now two young bioengineers in Silicon Valley (硅谷) are trying to produce the first glass of artificial milk without a cow and with the help of GMO yeast (转基因酵母).
造价超30万的世界首枚“试管汉堡”已经问世。现在，硅谷的两名年轻生物工程师正试图利用转基因酵母制作第一杯纯人造牛奶。
Making milk, while complicated in its own way, is nonetheless much simpler than growing meat. "Less than 20 components are needed to give the flavor, structure and color you expect when you drink milk," says Ryan Pandya, who co-founded the synthetic dairy (合成乳制品) start-up Muufri with Perumal Gandhi.
人造牛奶尽管具有复杂性，但还是比人造肉要便宜得多。“制作人造奶的味道、成分和色泽所需的元素不到20种，”瑞安·帕蒂亚说。瑞安与佩鲁马尔·甘地共同建立了合成乳制品公司Muufri。
人造奶牛Pandya and Gandhi insert DNA sequences (序列) from cows into yeast cells, grow the cultures (培养出的细胞) at a controlled temperature and the right concentrations (浓度), and harvest milk proteins after a few days. "The process is extremely safe," says Gandhi. "It's the same one used to manufacture insulin (胰岛素) and other medicines."
帕蒂亚和甘地将奶牛的DNA序列植入细胞酵母细胞，并在一定温度和浓度下培养出新细胞，几年后便可获得乳蛋白。“这一过程十分安全，”甘地说，“这和制作胰岛素和其他药物如出一辙。”
The fats in Muufri milk come from vegetables and are changed at molecular (分子的) level to mirror the flavor and structure of milk fats. Minerals and sugars are purchased separately and added to the mix. Once the proportion is fine-tuned, the ingredients will turn into milk in a natural process.
Muufri人造奶中的脂肪来自于蔬菜，其分子水平上发生了改变，使得Muufri人造奶中脂肪的口味和成分更接近真实的牛奶脂肪。研究人员分别选取矿物质和糖分，加入混合物中。一旦所有成分调配妥当，这些原料自然而然地转变成了“牛奶”。
The scientists behind yeast-culture dairy are concerned about animal welfare (福祉) and agricultural sustainability—but also about creating a food that will find a mass market. As their artificial milk keeps the taste and nutritional benefits of cow milk, it will be different from soy-based alternatives.
用酵母制作出“牛奶”的科学家们着眼于动物的福祉和农业的可持续性，同时他们也希望发明出一款新型食物来满足巨大的潜在市场。因为人造奶和牛奶有着一样的口味和营养成分，所以人造奶和豆奶制品还是不同的。
While anti-GMO people worry about super crops taking over the natural world, Pandya replies, "Even if the yeast does go out in the world, it’ll produce only milk proteins and die within hours."
尽管反转基因人士担心“超级农作物”会占领自然界，帕蒂亚却认为：“就算酵母在世上扩散开，它也只会产生乳蛋白，然后在几小时内就死了。”
Worldwide dairy consumption continues to grow every year. "We need to innovate to allow everyone to enjoy a glass of milk 50 years from today," Gandhi says. "The world will switch to the plant-based milk if our product is almost the same as the original one and priced right."
每年，乳制品的消耗量都在全球范围内进一步增长。“我们需要发明创造，让每个人都能在今后的50年里享受到牛奶，”甘地说，“如果我们的人造奶和牛奶仿真度极高且价格合理，全世界的消费者将会来购买我们公司的这款用植物制出的‘牛奶’”。
