作者：上海新东方学校 杨昱

　　READING：

　　因为这两次考试一次加试阅读而另一次加试听力，所以如果大家是参加连续考试中的后一次就要特别关注上一次的加试到底是阅读还是听力，这样就可以做到心中有数，从而在

考场上沉着应试。阅读和听力是相关的：当听力部分是两篇长对话和四篇课堂演讲时，阅读是五篇；当听力是三篇场对话和六篇课堂演讲时，阅读是三篇。这要求大家在平时准备的时候最好是以五篇为单位练习。

　　平时阅读练习时，关键词(Key Word)、主题句(Topic Sentence)、结构(Structure)、中心思想(Main Idea)、写作目的(Purpose)、作者对主要对象的态度(Attitude)这6点是大家在读每一篇文章时都应该首先问自己的，因为现在的新托福阅读考察的重点和难点是在对全文的把握上，而如果这6点训练到位了，大家会发现除了一些词汇题外的其它题目类型基本都可以解决了。词汇题(考察词汇量和对单词的理解)是可以通过背单词而直接解决的，这也是我们如果在时间不够的情况下应该优先考虑的题目。

　　LISTENING：

　　新托福考试听力能力的培养不容小视，应该作为除了词汇以外相对而言的重中之重：首先因为四个部分的听力、口语、作文三个部分都涉及到了听力，由此可见其重要意义；其次，听力作为客观题，相对于口语和作文这种比较考察功底的主观性题目而言，更应该注重其得分性；另外，新托福的听力部分可以堪称所有英语考试听力考试中最难的考试，因为IBT为了创造出全真的北美学习课堂场景，把“学术”的风格贯彻到极至，所以常考学科的听力专业学术词汇也是IBT考试成功的基石。

　　那么如何准备听力部分呢？上次的评论中已经清楚的告诉大家了新托福常考的三类文章：一、地理、地质、天文；二、生物、动物、植物、

　　机经对新托福考试的听力部分是一定有帮助的，但是得分的关键还是要建立在“听力实力”的基础上，听力实力如何获得？在这里给大家提出几个操作性比较强的建议：

　　第一，托福单词和学术单词一定要很熟，你可以不知道拼写，但是一定要听懂发音。建议大家背单词的时候最好用上MP3。因为大多数同学的消极词汇太多，只能眼睛看懂单词，但是听不懂很多单词，这也是为什么中国同学的阅读能力普遍好过听力的原因。而且很多同学活在自己的语音世界里，很多单词的发音往往是错的，所以一定要通过正确的发音纠音；

　　第二，新托福考试一定要做笔记，这是前几次考试评论都一直在强调的，因为通常一篇长对话是2-3分钟，课堂演讲是4-6分钟，在不能看题的前提下，即使是中文，也很难记忆，更何况是英文，这一点大家一定要注意；

　　第三，在备考新托福听力的过程中一定要铭记一个原则“精听”，实际上，精听一篇比泛听二十篇的效果还要好。很多同学很勤奋，做了很多题，但是对自己的提高很小。而精听却可以真正的提高听力实力，因为曾经听得不太懂的单词现在越来越少，积极词汇越来越多，对于听长难句结构也越来越得心应手，对于学术文章的把握也会有一览众山小的感觉。具体而言，对于打算拿两三个月准备托福考试的同学来说，可以用“听抄”和“精听”的方法，务必达到但凡听过的文章没有一个生单词，没有一个长难句，没有不清楚的文章结构，达到这个层面上的精听练习才是效率最高和最有效的。

　　SPEAKING：

　　口语1—2题要特别留意《官方指南》中作文独立部分的185道题库

　　考察重点：

　　第1题重点考察考生的口语说明能力：是否能够进行清晰、流畅、有条理地支持性说明；

　　第2题重点考察考生能否就自己的观点从正反两方面进行有条理地支持性称述：首先必须进行观点的选择；

　　第3题重点考察考生的口语总结能力：能否准确、全面、条理地对两种材料做总结性复述；

　　第4题重点考察考生是否能够准确判断出阅读和听力材料之间的关系并且使用口语清楚地表达；

　　第5题重点考察考生是否能够准确复述所讨论的问题，并且表达充分的理由支持自己的判断；

　　第6题重点考察考生对学术类问题做总结性复述的口语能力。

　　“11条黄金法则”：

　　1.中心是否切题：考查重点在于考生能否准确理解题意和迎合题意

　　2.语法是否正确：考查重点在于考生是否能够熟练地使用较复杂的句子结构表达思想，同时尽量避免错误。

　　3.词汇是否熟练：考查重点在于考生是否已经掌握足够的英语词汇进行表达，考察重点在熟练度和准确度两个方面。

　　4.表达是否清晰：考查重点在于考生所表达内容是否能被清楚明白地理解。绝对不能表面上流利，而实际上语意含糊、不知所云。

　　5.结构是否条理：考查重点在于考生是否有能力将口语用有条理的结构或逻辑表达出来，绝对要避免缺乏层次。

　　6.阐述是否连贯：考查重点在于考生的口语的语流是否有停顿，这包括思维停顿和表达停顿两方面的因素或表现。

　　7.发音是否清楚：考查重点在于考生是否能够作到纯正、清晰，至少理解起来不会因为口音的问题而扣分。

　　8.用词从简，句型多样：千万不要使用那些自己都不是很清楚的难词，用不同的句型重复一下你说过的话可以表示强调。

　　9.多种模板：注意使用针对独立部分和综合部分的模板，具体可以参考上海新东方首页—名师课堂—北美留学作文满分填空法这篇文章关于新托福部分的详细举例。

　　10.语言流利发音准确：尽量不要停顿。发音尽量对照磁带跟读。

　　11.在草稿纸做笔记：简写、中文：人名、时间、地点、科目、事件和态度。 (接下页)

　　WRITING：

　　The Integrated Writing Task

　　• 考生需要在3分钟之内读完一篇学术性文章，接着听一段与之话题相关的讲座录音，随后就讲座的要点写一篇概述。

　　• You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response。 Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage。 Typically， an effective response will be 150 to 225 words。

　　• 5: a response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading。 The response is well organized， and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections。

　　In many organizations， perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team。 Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages。 First of all， a group of people has a wider range of knowledge， expertise， and skills than any single individual is likely to possess。 Also， because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess， a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues。

　　Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake。 This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong。

　　Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team。 Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others。 Also， the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”， to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant， because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone。

　　这是《官方指南》中的写作阅读部分，我标出的都是有判断性的短语，从中大家应该自己学会去推测听力中的相关内容。

　　以下是讲座听力内容，大家可以对比是否可以由阅读去预测听力：

　　• Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about

　　• Professor: Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people， and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done。 After about six months， the company took a look at how well the teams performed。

　　• On virtually every team， some members got almost a “free ride”… they didn’t contribute much at all， but if their team did a good job， they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got。 And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on the problems and issues? Well…the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole， no names were named。 So， it won’t surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process， their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts。

　　• Another finding was that some projects just didn’t move very quickly。 Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many， many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along。 On the other hand， there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did。 Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work” about an idea the group was developing， the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed。

　　And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative。” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in the directions that might not work， they were basically ignored by other group members。 Can you guess the ending to “this” story? When the project failed， the blame was placed on all the members of the group。

　　以下是如果提炼模板以及满分填空法举例：

　　The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work。 He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened for real。

　　First， some members got free rides。 That is， some did not work hard but gotrecognition for the success nontheless。 This also indicates that people who worked hard was not given recognition they should have got。 In others words， they were not given the oppotunity to “shine”。 This derectly contradicts what the passage indicates。

　　Second， groups were slow in progress。 The passage says that groups are nore responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources。 However， the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making。 Groups needed more time for meetings， which are neccesary proccedures in decision making。 This was another part where experience contradicted theory。

　　Third， influential people might emerge， and lead the group towards glory or failure。 If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem。 But in the cases where they go in the wrong direction， there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made。 In other words， the group might turn out into a dictatorship， with the influential part as the leader， and might be less flexible in thinking。 They might become one-sided， and thus fail to succeed。

　　大家可以看到，满分的作文仍然是可以有不影响理解的拼写错误的。

　　Independent Writing Task

　　独立部分请大家关注我在28&29日评论中关于如何构思以及如何写主题句的那篇文章。

　　按结构分类：

　　A or B: State a preference: Some people believe A…Others prefer B

　　Agree or Disagree: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　Compare(similarity) and contrast(difference)

　　Persuasive Essay: Choose/Why/How/What:最好事先想好答案

　　Topic Type Percentage of Topics

　　Agreeing or disagreeing 70/185 38%

　　Stating a preference 68/185 37%

　　Persuasive essay: explanation or argument 47/185 25%

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