第二课构词法及特点

　　本课主要构词法

　　Conversion　(转类法──名词和动词相互转类)

　　tax type salary charge

　　packet figure fund protest

　　program view issue tend

　　本课简介

　　Taxes， Taxes， and More Taxes 介绍了美国三级政府(联邦政府，州政府，市政府)征收的三种税(income tax，sales tax，property tax and excise tax)。美国人对税收的一致看法是：The taxes are too high. 这篇文章对我们了解美国社会很有帮助，值得一读。

　　本课主要语言点

　　1. Americans often say that there are two things a person can be sure of in life： death and taxes.

　　句中的that引导的是一个宾语从句，例如：Everybody knows that the earth goes around the sun.(众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。)

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) 他知道我不会责怪他。(He knew that I wouldn't blame him.)

　　2) 妈妈说他必须在六点以前回来。(Mother said that he had to be back before 6：00.)

　　3) 我想天气很快会放晴。(I think that it is going to clear up soon.)

　　4) 我相信他对我说了实话。(I believe that he told me the truth.)

　　句中的a person can be sure of …是定语从句，修饰two things， 引导定语从句的关系代词that被省去了。例如：Have you found the book you want？(你找到你要的书了吗？)

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) 他找到了他丢失的那块表。(He found the watch he had lost.)

　　2) 这儿有很多我感兴趣的书。(There are many books I am interested in.)

　　be sure of的意思是“对……确信无疑”，例如：

　　─ Is he going to call us at 9：00？ (他会在九点给我们打电话吗？)

　　─ Yes， I am sure of it. (是的，我肯定。)

　　翻译下面的句子，掌握sure的用法：

　　1) I am sure of his sincerity. (我确信他的诚意。)

　　2) You are sure of a warm welcome.(你肯定会受到热烈的欢迎。)

　　3) I don't know for sure whether he will come or not.(我不很确切地知道他是否会来。)

　　4) Make sure that you turn off the light when you leave.(确保在你离开时把灯关掉。)

　　5) Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you.(千万别忘了父母对你说的话。)

　　2. Americans don't have a corner on the “death” market， but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.

　　have a corner的意思是“垄断”，例如：have a corner on the cotton market (垄断棉花市场)；have a corner on the black vote(垄断黑人选票)。有时也会见到以in 代替on的用法：have a corner in banking

　　lead在句中的意思是“走在…前列”，“在……领先”，“胜过”。

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) He leads his class in English.(他在班上英语学的最好。)

　　2) He led the broad jump with a leap of 26 feet.(他以26 英尺的成绩在跳远中领先。)

　　3) Pollution still leads the list of major problems in that country.(污染仍然是那个国家的头号严重问题。)

　　3. Taxes consist of money which people pay to support their government.

　　句中which 引导的定语从句修饰the money.

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) This is the book that I just borrowed from the library.(这是我刚刚从

图书馆借的书。)

　　2) He put the money that his mother gave him in a safe place.(他把妈妈给他的钱放在一个安全的地方。)

　　3) I don't remember where I put the CD that I bought yesterday. (我记不得把昨天买的CD放在哪儿了。)

　　consist of的意思是“由……构成”，它与 make up of ， compose of 的区别在于：consist of不可用被动语态，而make up of和 compose of 可以用被动语态。例如：

　　1) The house consists of 6 rooms.

　　2) The medical team is made up of three doctors and a nurse.

　　3) The book is composed of 25 units.

　　4. Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.

　　句中who引导的定语从句修饰 people.

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) The girl who helped me with my English is our monitor.(帮助我学外语的那个女孩是我们班长。)

　　2) The man who knocked at the door just now is my next-door neighbor.(刚才敲门的那个人是我的隔壁邻居。)

　　3) The boy who was shot to death by his classmate was only 8.(被同学开枪打死的那个男孩才八岁。)

　　在单词部分我们已经对percentage和percent的区别有所了解，现在我们再来翻译几个句子：

　　1) 税率从百分之十四到百分之七十不等。(The percentage of the tax varies from 14% to 70%.)

　　2) 学生的及格率达到了百分之九十五。(The percentage of students who passed the exam reached 95%.)

　　3) 工业产量上涨了百分之十四。(The industrial output increased by 14%.)

　　5. It depends on their salaries.

　　depend on在句中的意思是“视……而定”。除此以外，还可表示“依靠”；“信赖”等。

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) 成功与否得看你的能力和努力。(Success depends on your ability and efforts.)

　　2) Whether we can go outing depends on tomorrow's weather. (我们能否去郊游取决于明天的天气。)

　　3) The old man depends on the government pension for a living.(那位老人靠政府的养老金生活。)

　　4) 他总是依赖姐姐给他做作业。(He always depends on his sister to do his homework.)

　　5) He is not to be depended on.(他不可信赖。)

　　6. With the high cost of taxes， people are not very happy on April 15， when the federal taxes are due.

　　介词with在句中的意思是“由于，因为”。例如：With their support， we fulfilled our task ahead of time.(由于他们的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。)

　　如果仅仅有月份，没有具体的日期，月份前用介词in ，如果有具体的日期则用介词on ，例如：1) He was born in May.　2) He was born on May 23.

　　句中due的意思是“到期”，例如：The books are due， I have to return them to the library. (书到期了，我得去图书馆还书。)

　　请翻译下面的句子，注意due在不同语境下的其他意思：

　　1) The train is due to arrive at 8：00.(火车定于八点钟到达。)

　　2) The baby is due in the middle of October.(婴儿的预产期为十月中旬。)

　　3) Due attention should be paid to this work.(应该给这项工作以适当的关注。)

　　4) Old people expect to be treated with the respect due to their age.(老人们期望受到他们这个年龄的人应得的尊敬。)

　　5) His death was due to heart attack.(他的死是由心脏病引起的。)

　　7. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.

　　句中的that用来代替the加前述名词tax，以免重复。

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) 南京的天气比青岛的天气热。(The weather of Nanjing is hotter than that of Qingdao.)

　　2) 黄金的价格比白银的价格要高。(The price of gold is higher than that of silver.)

　　8. Other states have a sales tax， which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.

　　句中前一个which 引导的是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰sales tax.非限定性定语从句通常在句中起进一步说明作用，既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子。如果省去，原句意义不受影响。非限定性定语从句有逗号与主句隔开；关系代词不可用that，而用who， whom， whose来修饰人，用which来修饰物，并且不能省略。

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) The sun warms the earth， which makes it possible for plants and animals to live.(太阳温暖了大地，这才使动植物有可能生长。)

　　2) He failed the exam， which made him very disappointed.(他考试没及格，这使他非常失望。)

　　3) He has a son， who is doing his PH.D in the United States.(他有一个儿子，在美国读博士学位。)

　　句中后一个which引导的是一个限定性定语从句，修饰any item.但是传统语法中通常有这样的规定：当先行词是all，everything，something，nothing等不定代词，或被first，only，few，much，some，any，no以及形容词最高级等词修饰时，应该用关系代词that，不用which.例如：I am interested in all that you told me.

　　9. The cities use these funds for education， police and fire department， public works and municipal buildings.

　　work 用作单数时，通常指工作，例如：I have a lot of work to do this afternoon.

　　用作复数时，works则指　1)著作：The Complete Works of Mao Zetong(《毛泽东全集》)　2)工程：public works(公共建筑工程，市政工程)

　　10. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.

　　spend too much (money) on sth的意思是“把太多的钱花在……”，例如：He would spend some money on books every month……(他每个月都花一些钱买书。)

　　我们常常会碰到的另一个词组spend some time (in) doing sth.的意思是“花时间做某事”，例如：He spent a lot of time doing the experiment.(他花了很多时间做实验。)

　　在英语学习中，我们还要注意pay，cost和spend在用法上的区别。请注意下面的句子：

　　1) Tom paid 20 dollars for that T-shirt.

　　2) The T-shirt cost Tom 20 dollars.

　　3) Tom spent 20 dollars on that T-shirt.

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) 我借给他的那本新字典花了我三十多块钱。(The dictionary I lent him cost me more than 30 yuan.)

　　2) 把这辆自行车修一修要花很多钱吗？(Does it cost much to get this bike repaired？)

　　3) 在过去的几年中，这家工厂花了很多钱改善工作条件。(In the past few years， the factory has spent a lot of money improving the working conditions.)

　　4) 她不喜欢把钱花在华而不实的服装上。(She doesn't like to spend money on fancy clothes.)

　　5) 买这部手机你花了多少钱？(How much money did you pay for this self-phone？)

　　6) 她花了一百多块钱买那双鞋。(She paid more than a hundred for that pair of shoes.)

　　本课主要词组

　　1. be sure of 2. have a corner

　　3. consist of 4. vary from

　　5. depend on 6. a packet of

　　7. in addition to 8. complain about

　　9. in the wrong way 10. spend…on

　　11. tend to 12. agree on

　　本课主要句型

　　A. 宾语从句：

　　1) Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of.

　　2) …but many people feel that the United States lead the world with the worst taxes.

　　3) …they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.

　　4) They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.

　　5) They say that it spends too much on useless and practical programs.

　　B. 定语从句：

　　1) Taxes consist of money which people pay to support their government.

　　2) Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.

　　3) Other states have a sales tax， which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.

　　4) …people who own a home have to pay taxes on it…

　　5) …and excise tax， which is charged on cars in a city.

　　美国五十个州

　　A. The New England States (6)

　　1. Maine (缅因) 2. New Hampshire*(新罕布什尔)

　　3. Vermont(佛蒙特) 4. Massachusetts*(马萨诸塞)

　　5. Connecticut*(康涅狄格) 6. Rhode Island*(罗得岛)

　　B. The Middle Atlantic States (7)

　　7. New York*(纽约) 8. Pennsylvania*(宾夕法尼亚)

　　9. New Jersey*(新泽西) 10. Delaware*(特拉华)

　　11. Maryland* (马里兰) 12. Virginia*(弗吉尼亚)

　　13. West Virginia(西弗吉尼亚)

　　C. The Southern Atlantic States (11)

　　14. North Carolina* (北卡罗来纳) 15. South Carolina*(南卡罗来纳)

　　16. Georgia*(佐治亚) 17. Florida(佛罗里达)

　　18. Alabama(亚拉巴马) 19. Mississippi(密西西比)

　　20. Tennessee (田纳西) 21. Louisiana(路易斯安那)

　　22. Arkansas(阿肯色) 23. Texas(得克萨斯)

　　24. Oklahoma(俄克拉何马)

　　D. The Central States (13)

　　25. Wisconsin (威斯康星) 26. Illinois(伊利诺斯)

　　27. Kentucky(肯塔基) 28. Indiana(印第安那)

　　29. Ohio(俄亥俄) 30. Michigan(密执安)

　　31. Minnesota(明尼苏达) 32. Iowa(衣阿华)

　　33. Missouri(密苏里) 34. North Dakota(北达科他)

　　35. South Dakota(南达科他) 36. Nebraska(内布拉斯加)

　　37. Kansas(堪萨斯)

　　E. The Western States (13)

　　38. Washington(华盛顿) 39. Oregon(俄勒冈)

　　40. California(加利福尼亚) 41. Montana(蒙大拿)

　　42. Idaho(爱达荷) 43. Nevada(内华达)

　　44. Utah(犹他) 45. Arizona(亚历桑那)

　　46. Wyoming(怀俄明) 47. Colorado(科罗拉多)

　　48. New Mexico(新墨西哥) 49. Alaska(阿拉斯加)

　　50. Hawaii(夏威夷)

　　(注：有*者曾为英国在北美的十三个殖民地，也是美国最早的十三个州。)

　　Text B Advertising

　　短语表达

　　1. attract attention　吸引注意

　　He talked loudly to attract attention.(他大声说话以吸引注意。)

　　2. for the most part　在很大程度上，多半

　　These cars， for the most part， are made in China.(这些汽车多半产于中国。)

　　3. persuade sb. to do sth.　劝某人做某事

　　be persuaded to do sth.　被劝说做某事

　　The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.(医生劝我父亲戒烟。)

　　The young man was persuaded to take up that job.(那个年轻人被劝说接受那份工作。)

　　4. a large amount of　一大笔

　　He borrowed a large amount of money from the bank.(他向银行借了一大笔钱。)

　　5. put out　发布，公布；出版；广播

　　The article was put out in a national magazine to reach a larger audience.(为了能影响更多的读者，文章被登发在一份国家级杂志上。)

　　This newspaper is put out every day.(这份报纸每天出版。)

　　The weather forecast has just put out a storm.(天气预报刚刚发出了暴风警报。)

　　6. be characteristic of　为…所特有，是…的特征

　　Rainy days are characteristic of March.(多雨的日子为三月所特有。)

　　7. catch the eye　引人注目

　　The beautiful blue dress in the window caught her eye when she passed the store.(她经过那家商店时，橱窗里漂亮的兰色连衣裙吸引了她。)

　　8. identify with　与一致；认为…等同于；跟…发生共鸣，同情；(无意识地)仿效

　　His idea identifies with mine.(他的观点和我的观点相同。)

　　Never identify personal opinions with facts.(切莫把个人观点与事实等同起来。)

　　All the money came from those who identified with him.(所有的钱都来自于那些同情他的人。)

　　Children usually identify themselves with their parents.(孩子往往会仿效自己的父母。)

　　9. carry over　继续下去，遗留下来

　　The report was carried over to the next page.(报告转入下一页。)

　　His habit carries over from his childhood. (他的习惯从小保留至今。)

　　10. as well as　和，也

　　Women， as well as men， have the right to work.(妇女和男人一样有工作的权利。)

　　11. over and over again　反复

　　He mentioned the incident over and over again， which really bored me to death.(他反复提及那件事，真把我烦死了。)

　　12. put up with　忍受

　　Both water pollution and air pollution are becoming more and more serious but we have to put up with them at the moment.(水污染和空气污染都在变得越来越严重，但是我们暂时只好忍着。)

　　13. be responsible for　为…负责

　　It is not yet clear who should be responsible for the accident.(谁该对这起事故负责现在还不清楚。)

　　14. decide on　决定，选定

　　They decided on their plan of action after hours of discussion.(经过数小时的讨论，他们决定了行动计划。)

　　15. be involved in　参与，介入

　　He quitted his job as he no longer wanted to be involved in politics.(他不想再介入政治便辞去了工作。)

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