英语备考：把握单句理解 决胜高考阅读

　　(作者：石家庄一中 武红、杨琦)

　　《2007年高考英语考试大纲的说明》明确指出考生应在45分钟左右的时间里完成5篇体裁、题材不同的阅读材料。平时教师在指导学生做阅读理解时总是强调让学生“回归原文”找答案，不要自己主观判断。在学生平时练习的错误中，我们看到学生并非全篇都读不懂，在很多情况下，学生也知道问题问的是什么，也判断对了答案的范围在哪几行，甚至哪一句，但就是看不明白相关的那句话，最终，关键句子的理解错误导致做题失误，究其原因，主要是在知识上存在两种障碍。

　　-不会分析长句结构，看不懂句意

　　近几年的阅读理解篇章中出现了很多长句，包括各种复合句、省略句、插入语等等，如果学生仅仅按单词的顺序读，那么在驾驭长句、难句的理解上一定会有困难。建议大家采取“去除修饰成分，留下句子主干”的办法。如：

　　1.(2005辽宁，C篇)Free Video Magazine sent every four weeks(up to 13 times a year)，with our Director's Selection--plus many lower-priced cassettes，down to $14.95. And you may receive Special Selection mailings up to four times a year(a total of up to 17 buying opportunities per year).

　　每四周免费的影像杂志派送一次(每年有13次之多)，附带《编者精选》，连同许多14.95美元的低价卡带。而且您还可以收到每年四次寄送的《特别精选》。(每年有多达17次的购买机会)。这句话虽然长，但是主要结构是：Free Video Magazine sent with sth，plus sth，其他多是状语成分。

　　2.(2001北京春，B篇)Scientists have also found marks on hominids'teeth with patterns very similar to those on the teeth of modern day fruit eaters.科学家也发现了Hominids原始人类牙齿上的斑痕和现代吃水果人的(斑痕)相似。

　　3.(2006全国I，C篇)To use the same method would be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation，especially if it has failed in the past.使用一成不变的学习方法可能会弄巧成拙，减少学生的动力，尤其是这些方法过去失败过。此句的主要结构是To do sth is self-defeating.后面的because引导的从句和especially短语都是状语。

　　4.(2006北京，D篇)While parents，particularly mothers，have always been attached to their infants(婴儿)，societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain(保持).虽然父母，尤其是母亲总是对婴儿怀有依恋，然而社会现实条件却使这种依恋越来越难以保持。主句的主要结构：conditions made this attachment difficult to maintain。从句中的while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”。

　　5.(2006天津，E篇)But the internal state which remains unchanged over a period of time，and which makes the individual behave regularly in a variety of situations，is what is meant by an attitude.

　　态度的意义就在于：这种内在的状态在一段时间内保持不变，而且能够使个人在各种情景中都行为正常。这个长句含定语从句，去除定语从句剩下的就是主要结构了，即The internal state is what is meant by an attitude.

　　-词汇方面的障碍

　　生词或是“熟词偏意”导致理解有误。建议考生在目前最后的总复习冲刺阶段，务必把《2007年高考英语考试大纲的说明》的词汇一直有计划地背到高考。阅读篇章中生词的比例在高考文章中有严格控制，而且在上下文中都有暗示或依据，所以考生还要加强通过上下文猜词义的能力。

　　1.(2007年

石家庄市质检二，A篇)Capital punishment is another form of punishment which systems use in extreme criminal cases，sometimes involving such crimes as a murder，rape，and violent theft.In these cases，the person is put to death.Today，capital punishment is used in relatively few countries.Many countries have done away with it.In other words，capital punishment remains only in officially law books but is rarely used.However，capital punishment remains in use in some countries including the United States.从下文看，无论如何也不能把capital理解成“首都”。

　　2.(2006北京，D篇)One of these premodern attachment-dis-couraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year.现代文明之前，一种减少对婴儿依恋的做法就是在婴儿存活到第二年才给其取名字。从构词法猜at-tachment-discouraging的意思。dis-courage是“不鼓励”的意思，at-tachment是“附属，依恋”。

　　3.(2006全国II，E篇)In the colorful used-clothing markets of Tanzania，she realizes that “it is only in this final stage of life that the T-shirt will meet a real market，”where the price of a shirt changes by the hour and is different by its size and even color.在坦桑尼亚丰富的旧衣市场里面，她意识到，T-shirt只有在其生命周期的最终阶段才能碰到真正的市场。那里，价格每小时都会变化，尺寸甚至颜色都导致了价格的不同。这句话是强调句型，It is…that…此句的主要结构是：T-shirt will meet are a real market in this final stage of life.in the final stage of life里没生词，但是学生不易理解，谁的finalstageoflife？从上下文看，绝不是“人”而是“旧衣服”依然在坦桑尼亚有消费市场。

　　4.(2002北京春，B篇)Second，there is the problem of waste.All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years.It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive，and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented.For example，they may be buried under the ground…第二点，就是浪费的问题。多数情况下所有核电站废弃物都会存在核辐射数千年，要使这些废弃物不带有辐射又是不可能的，所以核废物必须用科学家们发明的一种方法来储存处理。例如，可以把它们埋在地下……

　　5.(2006

福建，E篇)The service is being constantly improved and a combination of better technology and increased investment following the Easter Floods of 1998 has led to the creation of Floodline and an automatic(自动)messaging system that can warn thousands of people in very little time.服务质量不断提高。优良的技术与1998年复活节洪水后投资增长的结合促成了管道感应器和自动报警系统的出现，这两种设备可以在很短的时间内向成千上万的人发出警告。考生要练习快速理解句中的意群，如automatic messaging system自动报警系统，a combination of…的结合。

　　基础知识是否牢固是决定单句理解和做题速度的关键。最后建议大家多做近3年高考阅读理解中的长、难句的英译汉翻译练习，确保关键句的理解无误，这对提高全文的理解大有益处。

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