国际课程:新托福阅读指代题答题技巧总结

2017年12月21日 11:00 新浪博客
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  原标题:如何秒杀新托福阅读指代题

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  大部分学生反映指代题看似简单,但是很容易选错,遇到模棱两可的答案情况较多,不知从何下手。再加上时间限制,越简单的题,反而越容易做错。并且指代题出题频率比较高,托福官方指南给出考试的机率大概是0-2题,所以对于想在阅读上拿高分的考生来说至关重要,不可掉以轻心。那么我们如何在短时间内攻破指代题呢?朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师将针对这个问题,具体分析指代题的考试特点,涵盖内容以及解题方法。

  考试的特点

  我们先看一下托福官方指南对指代题这一题型的描述:These questions askyou to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage.Often the relationships is betweenpronoun and its antecedent (theword to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).

  The four answerschoices will be words or phrasesfrom the passage. Only one choice is the word to which the highlighted wordrefers.

  总结起来指代题有以下三个特点:

  1. 问题除了常规代词(it/they/them/these)外,还有which, this等语法指代;

  Which是定语从句或者非限制定语从句的关系指代词,此外新托福阅读真题出现过this+ problem/view等非常规语法指代题。

  2. 代词所指必须是前面提到过的词;

  代词指代在英语里面可分为前指和后指,在新托福阅读考试里面只考前指,也就是指代前文提到过的事物。

  3. 答案可以是词、短语或者前面谈到的一件事情;

  新托福阅读指代题突破我们常规的指代概念,不局限于指代单个词,它可以是短语,甚至是完整的一句话。

  问题形式:The word “X” in thepassage refers to……

  考试的内容

  托福阅读常考查的代词包括:they, them, it, this, these, which, others, some,none, this + n等。

  首先同学们要掌握这些词本身的意思,考查的内容虽然是指代,但我们要追溯起源头,也就是这些代词本身的意思,这和词汇题是一个概念,只有知道词本身的意思,才能在此基础上推导出来该词的同义词。下面我们就逐一分析一下每个代词本身的意思。

  1. They: 他(它)们,复数代词,注意这个代词既可以指代有生命的东西,也可以指代无生命的东西。

  eg: My fatherand mother are here. Theyvisitevery week.

  Take your books,they might be useful.

  2. Them: 他(它)们,是they的宾格,所以同样这个词即可以指代有生命的东西,也可以指代无生命的东西。

  eg: My fatherand brother are playing basketball, I bought drinks for them.

  Where are my shoes?I can’t find them.

  3. It: 指代单数名词,可以指代无生命的东西,也可以指代有生命的东西(指代动物),一般是特指(the+ n);此外还可以指代前面所说的整件事情。

  eg: I pick up the plateand putit on the table.

  Where is the mouse?The cat ate it.

  Hesaid he can swim across that big river,but I don’t believeit.

  4. This: 这个,可以指代前面说的事物(单数可数名词或者不可数名词)、动作、过程等,通常是指代离它最近的东西。在托福阅读里面通常用作限定词,形式:this+ n

  eg: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (butlong before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kind offlora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was awonderful biological invention.

  This根据词本身的意思,是指离它最近的事物,所以答案是the development ofplants that produce seeds

  The killing of birds of prey by wind turbineshas pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection againstenvironmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluatinghow serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate orsharply reduce this problem.

  这题考的是限定词this + problem, 那么所指的就是前面提到离这句话最近的问题:The killing of birds of prey…

  5. These: 这些, this的复数形式,指代复数名词,其它用法同this一样

  eg: They carried ontheir farm operations with mules and they had no surplus of these,seldom more than four.

  6. Which:(非限制)定语从句中的关系代词,指代前面的先行词,先行词可以是单个名词、短语或者一个句子

  eg: He has abook which is written by Hemingway.

  He likes readingbooks,which is a goodhabit.

  Shesaid she’d been waiting for an hour,which was true.

  7. 不定代词:托福阅读常考不定代词有both,some, other, and none etc. 不定代词顾名思义就是不指明代替任何特定名词,用在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。

  eg: Some ofhis stories were quite amusing.(主语)

  They are bothdoctors.(表语)

  These trousers arewet—I’ll change into my other ones.(定语)

  She had noneof her mother’s beauty.(宾语)

  所以不定代词在新托福阅读里面的指代,要具体看不定代词在句子中所充当的语法成分。

  解题方法

  做对指代题要考虑三个因素:指代词本身的意思、句与句之间的语义关系和句子的结构(语法)。指代词本身意思是基础,语义关系和句子结构都是以指代词本身意思为基础的,我们已经分析了各类指代词的意思,所以这里我们会着重以句子语义和句子结构为出发点,并把指代词的意思嵌入到语义和句子结构分析中。

  1. 语义关系

  语义关系要求所指代词带入句子中要符合句子意思。

  Since the laws of physics,not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-artobjects, theyfollow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only withincertain limits.

  The word theyin the passage refers to

  a. applied-art objects

  b. the laws of physics

  c. containers

  d. the sides of pots

  托福指代题的考试特点是必须指代前面提到过的词,所以可以排除c和d两个选项。剩下a和b选项代入句子,原文译为:因为物理原理,而不是任意想法,决定了应用艺术品的普遍形式,应用艺术品/物理原理需要遵守基本的模式,这样它们的功能形式才不会相差太远。根据句子意思,应该是应用艺术品需要遵守基本的模式,而不是物理原理,所以我们可以推断出来答案是a。

  It has beensuggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adaptedfor life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

  The word it in the passage refersto

  a. pakicetus

  b. fish

  c. life

  d. ocean

  根据句子语义It probably bred and gavebirth on land(它可能在陆地上繁殖养育下一代)可以推导出来it是指有生命的动物,所以排除c和d, b选项“鱼”是不可能在陆地上繁殖和养育下一代的,所以答案只能是a。

  2. 句子结构

  大部分同学在做指代题时感觉词汇太难,很难从语义上去推导出来正确答案,那么我们可以从句子结构分析入手。

  The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag.When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions sothat they lie flush with the bodyand do not break up its smooth contours.

  The word they in the passage refers to

  a. qualities

  b. fins

  c. grooves

  d. depressions

  They在句子中作主语,sothat表递进,前后主语应该一致,所以答案是b。

  表递进逻辑的关系词还有such that。

  Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss ofstatus, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms,gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, politicalparty loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factoryand industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss ofindependence and a measure of control over their lives.

  The word them in the passage refers to

  a. workers

  b. political partyloyalties

  c. disagreementsover tactics

  d. agents ofopportunity

  them是they的宾语,they是but引导的转折句子主语,转折关系前后主语一致所以they指workers, 进而我们可以推导出来them也指workers,所以答案是a。

  In Southwest France in the1940’

  s,playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambersthat contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are aslarge as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but othersswirl about, sideways and upside down.

  The word others inthe passage refers to

  a. chambers

  b. paintings

  c. beasts

  d. parades

  根据逻辑关系词but可以推导出来前后主语一致,那么others与前面半句话主语some所指代的内容应该是一样的。Some指前一句主语beasts, 所以答案是c。

  表转折逻辑的关系词:however, yet, while andwhereas etc.

  Pots played an important part in some religiousceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist thatassist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.

  The word these inthe passage refers to

  a. religious ceremonies

  b. descriptions

  c. types of ware

  d. pots

  although表让步,主从句主语需一致,所以these应与前面主句的主语一致,主句主语是descriptions,所以答案是b。

  表让步的逻辑关系词:though, even if/though,despite and in spite of etc.

  If all of one’smoney is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to themovies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growinga big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this isthe surest way to extinction.

  The word none inthe passage refers to

  a. food

  b. plant or animal

  c. energy

  d. big body

  none在这里是被动语态主语,那么也就是主动语态宾语,同样if引导从句不定代词宾语应与主句宾语一致,主句宾语是energy,所以答案是c。

  表条件的逻辑关系词:if, when and unless etc.

  Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise tomaintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates ananimal’s daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because itnormally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock’s period close to that of Earth’s rotation.

  The word it in thepassage refers to

  a. an external cue such as sunrise

  b. the daily rhythm of an animal

  c. the local solar day

  d. a cycle whose period is precisely24 hours.

  Because引导原因状语从句,前后逻辑主语应该一致,所以it指前面主语an external cue, 所以答案是a。

  表原因的逻辑关系词:because, because of, therefore, so, hence, thus and sinceetc.

  总结

  有些情况我们需要结合这三种因素来综合考虑指代题。

  In classic researchPaul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger,disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world toindicate what emotions were being depicted in them.

  The word them in the passage refersto

  a. emotions

  b. people

  c. photographs

  d.

  cultures

  them是they的宾格,它指代的是宾语,而且是复数的。在句子中做宾语的有b和c选项,那么代进去,符合语义的只有c,译为:然后他让来自世界各地的人指出照片上的人所呈现出来的情感。

  通过以上分析我们可以知道,有的指代题可以从语义上去分析,有的指代题可以以句子结构为出发点,无论是哪种方法都是以代词本身的意思为基础的,此外,每一种方法都有各自的优点。在做题时,同学们要善于把这三种方法结合起来使用,以达到在最短时间内做对此类题型。

  本文转自《海口朗阁英语培训中心》的新浪博客,点击阅读原文

  小编注:本文为转载新浪博客文章,观点只代表作者本人,不能代表新浪立场,新浪尊重原创。

  责任编辑:润琰

  更多信息请访问:新浪国际学校栏目  新浪国际学校家长圈

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