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曹其军-2003年考研英语最后冲刺试卷(一)
Section I Listening Comprehension
Directions:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part Band Part C.
Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you willhave 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions:
For Questions 1—5,you will hear a monologue in this part. While you listen,fill out the table with the information you’ve heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or numberin each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. ( 5 points )
The first American university,Harvard,was founded in.1
The New England colleges of the 18th century were dominated by .2
In Princeton and Pennsylvania,the ideas of men,such as Franklin,led toa interest in science and society.3
Most Private Universities founded towards the end of the 19th century were financed byfrom the rich men.4
The first state university was founded at the end of the century.5
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 6—10,you will hear a monologue in this part.While you listen,complete the sentences. Use not more than 3 words for eachanswer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions below. ( 5 points )
Microbes, which make food go bad, are
.6
Milk is heated before it is sealed up in bottles insgroupsto
.7
In the Pasteur’s experiment, the chickens which remained wellwere those first injected with weak microbes and then with
.8
Rabies is a
.9
Pasteur saved Joseph’s life by injecting him with
.10
Part C
Directions:
You will hear three pieces of recorded material in this part. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C and D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. ( 10 points )
Questions 11—13 are based on the following monologue. You now have 15 secondsto read Questions 11—13.
11. When did the Polos arrive in China?
［A］In 1274.［B］In 1271.［C］In 1292.［D］In 1275.
12. Why did the Polos decide to leave China after seventeen years?
［A］Because they were homesick.
［B］Because they lost the emperor’s favor.
［C］Because the emperor died and the Mongol Empire was falling apart.
［D］Because the hostile court officials might harm them once the emperor died.
13. How long was the journey home for the Polos?
［A］Four years.
［B］Three years.
［C］Twentyfour years.
［D］Three and half years.
Questions 14—16 are based on the following dialogue. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14—16.
14. What does the man think about the weatherswhereshe now lives?
［A］It’s too hot.
［B］It’s too humid.
［C］It snows too much.
［D］It snows too little.
15. What does the conversation tell us about the new job the man is talking about?
［A］It will offer him a better opportunity for career development.
［B］It requires a lot of experience in business management.
［C］He is quite confident that he can get it.
［D］He has to be in interviewed twice for the job.
16. How does the woman feel about moving?
［A］Excited.［B］Reluctant.［C］Scared.［D］Sad.
Questions 17—20 are based on the following monologue. You now have 20seconds to read Questions 17—20.
17. Who might be the first speaker?
［A］A student.［B］A counselor.
［C］A course director.［D］A Students Union officer.
18. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem the counselors can help with?
［A］Strained relationship with boyfriend or girlfriend.
［B］Financial difficulties.
［C］Excessive tress of work.
［D］Death of a close relative.
19. What can you infer about the counseling service from the talk?
［A］It can make students confident in their abilities.
［B］The counseling fee charged for fulltime students are lower than those nonfull time students.
［C］It is conducted sometimes in cooperation with other members of the staff.
［D］Almost every nonfreshman student in the college has once sought counselors for help.
20. In“...seeing a counselor has a stigma...”, stigma here means
［A］something to be ashamed of.
［B］something one wants to keep secret.
［C］hesitation.
［D］psychological imbalance.
You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
That is the end of Listening Comprehension.
Section II Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blankand mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Today, most countries in the world have canals. Even in the 20th century, goods can be moved
more 21 by boat than by any other 22 of transport. Some canals, such as the Suez or the Panama,
23 boats weeks of time by making their 24 a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are
not 25 on the coast. 26 other canals
27 landsswheresthere is too much water, help to 28
fieldsswheresthere is not enough water, and 29 water power for factories and mills.
The 30 of canals depends on the kind of boats going through it. The canal must be wide enough to permit two of the largest boats using
it 31 each other easily. It must be deep enough to leave about two feet of
water 32 the keel of the largest boat using the canal. Some canals
have 33 sides while others have sides that are nearly vertical. Canals that are cut through rock can have nearly vertical
sides. 34 , canals with earth banks may collapse if the angle of their sides is
too 35 .
Some canals are 36 with brick, stone or concrete to keep the water
from 37 sintosthe mud. This also permits ships to go
38 greater speeds, since they cannot make the banks fall in by
39 the water. In small canals with mud banks, ships and barges
must 40 their speed.
21.［A］frequently［B］cheaply［C］regularly［D］routinely
22.［A］methods［B］ways［C］channels［D］means
23.［A］consume［B］reserve［C］take［D］save
24.［A］excursion［B］voyage［C］travel［D］expedition
25.［A］located［B］perched［C］stationed［D］founded
26.［A］Still［B］Yet［C］Even［D］Also
27.［A］drown［B］drift［C］drain［D］draw
28.［A］cultivate［B］exploit［C］evaporate［D］irrigate
29.［A］furnish［B］equip［C］facilitate［D］generate
30.［A］scale［B］size［C］scope［D］span
31.［A］to pass［B］passed［C］pass［D］to passing
32.［A］under［B］beyond［C］beneath［D］across
33.［A］tilting［B］curving［C］smooth［D］sloping
34.［A］However［B］Moreover［C］Though［D］Somehow
35.［A］stable［B］level［C］prominent［D］steep
36.［A］decorated［B］solidified［C］lined［D］trimmed
37.［A］dripping［B］filtering［C］penetrating［D］soaking
38.［A］with［B］in［C］at［D］on
39.［A］touching up［B］stirring up［C］mixing up［D］clearing up
40.［A］restrain［B］confine［C］limit［D］prohibit
Section III Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Technological characteristics of the factory of the future will be influenced byboth“science push”and“market pull”. Science push relates to the many scientific developments that are being announced from laboratories around the world.
The manufacturing community is alert to these developments and when creative people visualize opportunities to solve major problems with new scientific developments, they are responsive to initiate major projects to attempt to capture a competitive edge. Market pull is the other dimension. The manufacturing community sees opportunities to gain a competitive edge by drawing existing or emerging technologies on to the shop floor, and they are willing to invest in the future. The driving force in both cases is the desire to increase productivity and quality. History has demonstrated that both phenomena are at work in the manufacturing environment.
Underlying the future of the manufacturing environment of tomorrow are the strategic technologies that we recognize today as playing an important role in our planning in industrial and university research laboratories. Let me elaborate on what I consider the strategic technologies in the laboratory with both medium andlong range perspectives on the future. My strategic technologies include: new materials (including polymers, alloys, ceramics and composites, and superconductors), computer engineering, microelectronics, microfabrication, photonics, and manufacturing system (automation for machines and processes, new processes, engineering management).
The reality of the impact of the strategic technologies which I have mentioned is not an issue. What are the issues include: how rapidly will their impact be left, how will the capital investments required be justified, and how will we educate the workforce to implement and manage them. I believe these issues will be resolved in an evolutionary way rather than as a new industrial revolution. Thereare already unfortunate examples of failure in attempts to implement individualviews of factories of the future. The underlying problems will surface when we attempt too much, too soon, and without a through knowledge of all of the important features of strategic technologies and of whether they are fit for an effective manufacturing facility. The lack of standards has been recognized as a majordeterrent to integration, and major steps have been taken on a national and worldwide basis to correct the situation. We cannot overestimate the power of thehuman being to adapt and to succeed. We have not yet duplicated this power withthe computer. However, we have achieved the ability to use the computer to makethe human more productive, more reliable and more powerful. This is perhaps thebeginning for developing a more focused view of what we mean by the factory of the future. The issue of strategic technologies is of great importance to the development of the factory of the future. It is a matter of survival.
41. The most suitable title of the passage would be
［A］The Factory of the Future: Technological Aspects.
［B］Science Push and Market Pull.
［C］The Impact of Strategic Technologies.
［D］The Future of the Manufacturing Environment.
42. When the manufacturing community sees opportunities to solve major problems with new scientific development, it
［A］is alert and willing to invest in the future.
［B］will stop drawing existing or emerging technologies on to the shop floor.
［C］will quickly undertake new projects to capture the competitive edge.
［D］will wait and see if it has“science push”and“market pull”.
43. It is implied in the passage that the implementation of new strategic technologies will most probably not succeed if we
［A］treat the strategic technologies in an evolutionary way.
［B］attempt to resolve the issue of strategic technologies too soon ina revolutionary way.
［C］do not realize the impact of new strategic technologies.
［D］can not make the computer more productive, reliable and powerful.
44.The author stresses in the last paragraph that, to cope with the issue of strategic technologies, we should
［A］rely chiefly on more productive and powerful computers.
［B］take major steps on a national and worldwide basis.
［C］put the power of the human beingsintosfull play.
［D］focus on different views concerning the factory of the future.
45. The word“deterrent”(Para. 4) most probably refers to
［A］advantage.［B］shortcoming.［C］disadvantage.［D］handicap.
Vocabulary
*1. visualize v.形象化
*2. polymer n.聚合体
*3. ceramic n.陶瓷制品
*4. photonics n.光子学
Text 2
Reverse discrimination, minority recruitment, racial quotas, and, more generally, affirmative action are phrases that carry powerful emotional charges. But why should affirmative action, of all government policies, be so controversial? In asense, affirmative action is like other governmental programs, e.g., defense, conservation, and public schools. Affirmative action programs are designed to achieve legitimate government objectives such as improved economic efficiency, reduced social tension, and general betterment of the public welfare. While it cannot be denied that there is no guarantee that affirmative action will achieve these results, neither can it be denied that there are plausible, even powerful, sociological and economic arguments pointing to its likely success.
Government programs, however, entail a cost, that is, the expenditure of social or economic resources. Setting aside cases in which the specific user is chargeda fee for service (toll roads and tuition at state institutions), the burdens and benefits of publicly funded or mandated programs are widely shared.When an individual benefits personally from a government program, it is only because she or he is one member of a larger beneficiary class, e.g., a farmer; and most government revenue is obtained through a scheme of general taxation to which all are subject.
Affirmative action programs are exceptions to this general rule, though not, as might at first seeing, because the beneficiaries of the programs are specific individuals. It is still the case that those who ultimately benefit from affirmative action do so only by virtue of their status as members of a larger group, a particular minority. Rather, the difference is the location of the burden. In affirmative action, the burden of“funding”the program is not shared universally, and that is inherent in the nature of the case, as can be seen clearly in the case of affirmative action in employment. Often job promotions are allocated along a single dimension, seniority; and when an employer promotes a less senior worker from a minority group, the person disadvantaged by the move is easily identified: the worker with greatest seniority on a combined minoritynonminority list passed over for promotion.
Now we are confronted with two competing moral sentiments. On the one hand, there is the idea that those who have been unfairly disadvantaged by past discriminatory practices are entitled to some kind of assistance. On the other, there is the feeling that no person ought to be deprived of what is rightfully his or hers, even for the worthwhile service of fellow humans. In this respect, disability due to past racial discrimination, at least insofar as there is no connection tothe passedover worker, is like a natural evil. When a villainous man willfully and without provocation strikes and injures another, there is not only the feeling that the injured person ought to be compensated but there is consensus thatthe appropriate party to bear the cost is the one who inflicted the injury. Yet, if the same innocent man stumbled and injured himself, it would be surprising to hear someone argue that the villainous man ought to be taxed for the injury simply because he might have tripped the victim had he been given the opportunity. There may very well be agreement that he should be aided in his recovery with money and personal assistance, and many will give willingly; but there is also agreement that no one individual ought to be singled out and forced to do what must ultimately be considered an act of charity.
46. The passage is primarily concerned with
［A］comparing affirmative action programs to other government programs.
［B］arguing that affirmative action programs are morally justified.
［C］analyzing the basis for moral judgments about affirmative action programs.
［D］introducing the reader to the importance of affirmative action as a socialissue.
47. The author mentions toll roads and tuition at state institutions (Para. 2) insgroupsto
［A］anticipate a possible objection based on counterexamples.
［B］avoid a contradiction between moral sentiments.
［C］provide illustrations of common government programs.
［D］offer examples of government programs that are too costly.
48. The author most likely places the word“funding”in quotation marks(Para. 4) insgroupsto remind the reader that
［A］affirmative action programs are costly in terms of government revenues.
［B］the cost of most government programs is shared by society at large.
［C］the beneficiaries of affirmative action are members of larger groups.
［D］the cost of affirmative action is not only a monetary expenditure.
49. The“villainous man”discussed in the last paragraph functions primarily as
［A］an illustration.［B］counterexample.
［C］an explanation.［D］an analogy.
50. According to the passage, affirmative action programs are different in
［A］goals to be achieved.［B］ways of allocating resources.
［C］approaches of distributing costs.［D］means of promoting jobs.
Vocabulary
*1. quota n.配额
*2. betterment n.改良
*3. entail v.使承担
*4. mandate v.批准
*5. insofar as 在…情况下
*6. villainous adj.恶毒的
7. counterexample n.反例
Text 3
In the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account is given by both the Saga of Eric the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing about Leif’s return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biarni, the son of a prominent man named Heriulf, and makes that the inspiration for the voyage to the new land by Leif. In brief, like Leif, Biarni and his companions sight three countries in succession before reaching Grenland, and to come upon each new land takes 1“doegr”more than the last until Biarni comes to land directly in front of his father’s house in the lastmentioned country.
This narrative has been rejected by most later writers, and they may be justified. Possibly, Biarni was a companion of Leif when he voyaged from Norway to Greenland via America, or it may be that the entire tale is but a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni’s another name for Leif. It should be noted, however, that the stories of Leif’s visit to King Olaf and Biarni’s to that king’s predecessor are in the same narrative in the Flat Island Book, so there is less likelihood of duplication than if they were from different sources. Also, Biarni landed on none of the lands he passed, but Leif apparently landed on one, for he brought back specimens of wheat, vines, and timber. Nor is there any good reason tobelieve that the first land visited by Biarni was Wineland. The first land was“level and covered with woods,”and“there were small hillocks upon it.”Of forests, later writers do not emphasize them particularly in connection with Wineland, though they are often noted incidentally; and of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that“wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines.”
Additionally, if the two narratives were taken from the same source we should expect a closer resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it:“They found there hellus (large flat stones).”According to the Biarni narrative, however,“thisland was high and mountainous.”The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4“doegr”in both narratives are suggestive, but mythic formulas of this kind may be introducedsintosnarratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its hero is made to come upon the coast of Greenland exactly in front of his father’s home. But it should be recalled thatHeriulfsness lay below two high mountains which served as landmarks for navigators.
I would give up Biarni more readily were it not that the story of Leif’s voyagecontained in the supposedly more reliable Saga is almost as amazing. But Leif’s voyage across the entire width of the North Atlantic is said to be“probable”because it is incorporatedsintosthe narrative of a preferred authority, whileBiarni’s is“improbable”or even“impossible”because the document containing it has been condemned.
51. The author’s primary concern is to demonstrate that
［A］Leif Erikson did not visit America.
［B］Biarni might have visited America before Leif Erikson.
［C］Biarni did not visit Wineland.
［D］Leif Erikson visited Wineland first.
52. The author mentions the two high mountains insgroupsto show that it is
［A］reasonable for Biarni to land precisely at his father’s home.
［B］possible to sail from Norway to Greenland without modern navigational equipment.
［C］likely that Biarni landed on America at least 100 years before Leif Erikson.
［D］probable that Leif Erikson followed the same course as Biarni.
53. All of the following are mentioned as similarities between Leif Erikson’s voyage and Biarni’s voyage EXCEPT
［A］both visited Norway.［B］both returned to Greenland.
［C］both visited Wineland.［D］both visited Helluland.
54. It can be inferred that the author regards the historicity of the Biarni narrative as
［A］conclusively proved.［B］almost conclusively proved.
［C］possibly true.［D］highly unlikely.
55. It can be concluded that
［A］documents in Saga may not be dependable.
［B］condemned records should not be used.
［C］authorized narratives are to be favored.
［D］official files should be most preferred.
Vocabulary
1. landfall n.着陆
*2. garble v.混淆
Text 4
The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people couldreceive humane care in hospitallike environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylumsbecame overcrowded and prisonlike. Additionally, patients were more resistantto treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.
These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail’s Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America’s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisonerssintosthe only institutions that were worse than the prisons—the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered“crazy”and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients’rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures.
Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing daytoday care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assurethat treatment is given and patient rights are respected.
56. The main purpose of the passage is to
［A］provide an historical perspective on problems of mental health care.
［B］increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally ill.
［C］shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylums.
［D］describe the invention of new treatments for mental illness.
57. The author’s attitude toward people who are patients in state institutions can best be described as
［A］inflexible and insensitive.［B］detached and neutral.
［C］understanding and sympathetic.［D］enthusiastic and supportive.
58. It can be inferred from the passage that, had the Civil Rights movement not prompted an investigation of prison conditions
［A］states would never have established asylums for the mentally ill.
［B］new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untested.
［C］the Civil Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffective.
［D］conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny.
59. The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as
［A］overly emotional.［B］cleverly deceptive.
［C］cautiously optimistic.［D］fiercely independent.
60. According to the passage, mental hospital conditions were radically changed because of
［A］asgroupsof young angry men in the 1900s.
［B］active young lawyers in the 1960s.
［C］innocent insane patients’protest.
［D］powerful court interventions.
Vocabulary
*1. almshouse n.公立救济院
*2. crusade v.参与
*3. asylum n.精神病院
*4. sanity n.心智健全
*5. syphilis n.梅毒
*6. insulin n.胰岛素
*7. schizophrenia n.精神分裂症
*8. plight n.状况
*9. beacon n.灯塔
*10. tranquilizer n.镇定剂
*11. horrendous adj.可怕的
*12. surveillance n.监督
*13. scrutiny n.详细审查
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
61) The last hours of Pop.com were laced with irony worthy of a movie by Steven Spielberg and Ron Howard—who, as it happens, were cofounders of the illfated website. Last Friday, Pop’s 85 employees, just two weeks before the planned launch, were chugging beers to drown their sorrows and being eyed by security guards to make sure that they didn’t steal the computers as they left the premises for the last time.
What’s going wrong? Part of the problem is that the audience just isn’t there yet. Even brief online movies require hefty broadband connections such as a cable modem. Most of us are still chugging along on 56K modems, and would rather watch TV than wait half an hour for a jerky postage stampsize short to load. 62)
So until broadband goes mainstream, online entertainment networks havethe near impossible task of building a brand in a near vacuum while burning as little cash as
possible.“It’s like survivor,”says Kevin Wendle, cofounder and chief executive of independent filmmaker site iFilm.com.“It’s tough being able to hang in there for the long haul.”
If anyone was going to be the survivor of this cybermovie island, you’d expect it to be the Dream WorksHoward ticket. 63)
But Pop failed as if it didn’t have the will to live: the site issued only three press releases in its brief life and delayed the launch so often that it became an industry
joke.Out of the million purse promised them by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen, it spent a paltry million—barely a long liquid lunch by Silicon Valley standards.
Pressure from within also helped bring down Pop—a catalog of cluelessness that would make a classic hownotto business book. Kenneth Wong, who had no Internet experience but oversaw cruiseship attractions and themepark rides as imaginary head for Disney, was put in charge of the site by Katzenberg. Other executives were plucked from the world of multimillion dollar budgets and told to produce shorts for ,000. Personal favors were rife: 64)
one staff member says Steven Martin got a budget ,000 for projects, including Gwyneth andMe, a comedy short about his attempts to have a baby with Gwyneth, because the giants didn’t want to endanger their relations with him.
Kennly aware of the critical roasting they would get, the fathers of Pop decidedto bail out before drowning in red ink. Says Katzengerb,“Everyone in this space is blindfolded and trying to pin the tail on the donkey.”The final ignominycame when indie startups iFilm and Atom Films negotiated to buy Pop, but no deal materialized. 65)
And so Pop was laid to rest, its tombstone a warning to all those in Hollywood who would jump on the Internet without first understanding it. If Spielberg and Howard own the story rights to Pop’s internal wranglings, however, they might yet have a winner.
Section IV Writing
66. Directions:
Now our government has made it a policy to develop the West. To this policy there appear different responses. Write an essay on the topic and consider the advantages and disadvantages of going to the West. Your essay should be written in about 200 words. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
参考答案与解析
Section I Listening Comprehension
Part A
1. 1636 2. religion 3. growing 4. gifts 5. 18th
Part B
6. small living creatures 7. destroy the microbes 8. healthy microbes 9. dog disease (dog’s disease) 10. weak rabies microbes
Part C
11. D 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. B17. D 18. B 19. C 20. A
【录音文稿】
Part A
W: The first American university was Harvard, founded in 1636. It was followed by William and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746), Washington and Lee (1749) and five others before independence. The New England colleges of the 18th century were dominated by religion, and the level of education wasnot higher than that of modern high schools. Princeton and Pennsylvania were less conservative: here the ideas of men such as Franklin led to a growing interest in science and society. After the founding of the USA plans for a state university in the District of Columbia came to nothing, Private universities were founded, many of them by religious bodies, especially in the newly settled areas of the Middle West and South. For example, 14 Roman Catholic universities were founded before the Civil War. Other developments were colleges for women, the best known of which is Vassar (1861).
Most private universities founded towards the end of the 19th century werefinanced by gifts from rich men; these include some of the best known US universities, such as Johns Hopkins (1876), Stanford (1885), and Chicago (1890). The first state universities were founded at the end of the 18th century. By 1860 there were 17 of them. Each of the US states now has one or more state universities.
Part B
Louis Pasteur was very interested in what happened to food of all kinds when it decayed and went bad. In his laboratory he had an extremely strong microscope. He found that the microbes, which were small living creatures in the drop of liquid food, and which made it go bad, could be killed if they were heated. Then the food would keep good for a much longer time. In England now we are given our milk in sealed bottles. It is usually“Pasteurized”before it is sold to us. This means that it is heated so as to destroy the microbes. Then it is sealedup in bottles to prevent other microbes getting in. then it will not go sour for a long time.
One day by chance, when he was carrying on his experiments, he found that some of his microbes had got cold and were nearly dead. He injected some of the halfdead microbessintossome chickens to see if they would catch chickencholera, but they did not. Then he took some healthy microbes and injected themsintosthe same chickens; to his delight the chickens which had been injected with weakmicrobes before remained well. But others died. So Pasteur discovered how to inoculate, and to prevent disease by that means.
He was soon able to test his new method of curing disease. In those days in France there were many dogs that had rabies. If they bit human beings, the people who had been bitten caught a dreadful disease and died. One day a boy calledJoseph Meister came to Pasteur’s laboratory covered with bites from a dog which had rabies. He was terribly frightened and thought he would die. Pasteur told him not to be afraid. He took some rabies microbes and exposed them to the air till they became weak. Then he inoculated Joseph Meister with them and waited to see what would happen. Instead of dying, Joseph recovered.
Part C
【录音文稿1】
Marco Polo was the first European to cross the entire continent of Asia and leave a record of his travels. He was born in Venice in 1254, the son of Niccolo Polo, an important Venetian merchant. In 1271, Niccolo and Marco began a threeandhalfyear journey across the mountains and deserts of Asia that ended at theSummer Palace of the Mongol emperor, Kublai Khan. The emperor received the travelers with great hospitality, and he made Marco one of his honored attendants. The Polos spent seventeen years in China, and Marco carried out many missions forthe emperor in distant parts of the empire.
The Polos left China in 1292, Kublai Khan was then a very old man, and the Poloswere afraid that jealous court officials would harm them when the emperor died.They learned that a princess was going to travel to Persia, and they obtained Kublai Khan’s permission to travel with her. The expedition traveled to Persia by ship, and the Polos traveled from there to Venice. They arrived there in 1295,having been away for twentyfour years.
A few years later, Marco was taken prisoner in sea battle between Venice and Genoa. While he was in prison, he met a writer, and together they wrote a record ofhis travels. He was released from prison and returned to Veniceswhereshe died in 1324.
【录音文稿2】
A: How would you like to move?
B: Move? What do you mean?
A: Move to a new city. I’m thinking of getting another job.
B: But why? What’s the matter with the one you have?
A: I don’t have a very good future in the job I have. Besides, I think it would be nice to move to a warmer climate. I’m tired of shoveling snow all winter.
B:swheresis this new job?
A:In California. There won’t be any snow to shovel there, and we can go to the beach all the year round.
B: That sounds pretty nice, but what kind of job is it?
A: I would be the Director of Research for a big drug company near Los Angeles. I’d get a big raise in salary.
B: That sounds terribly exciting. But what about the children? Will they like moving?
A: Why not? California has many beautiful new schools, and Fred can go skiing up in the mountains.
B: What about Paula? I’m sure she won’t want to leave all her friends.
A: Oh, she can make new ones out there. People are very friendlyout west.
B: I hope so. But, I’ll certainly hate to leave this house. We’ve lived here so long.
A: Well, maybe I won’t get the job. I have to fly out there for an interview next week.
B: You know, I must have known you were thinking about getting a new job. Last night I dreamed we were moving.
【录音文稿3】
Last time I talked about the student services in the college. Today I’d like totalk about the Counseling Services.
The College Counseling Service is located in the North Building. The Counselors are Ms. Penny Rawson and Ms. Ann David. I have asked Ms. Rawson to join us todayto discuss their role. Ms. Rawson…
Ms. Rawson: Thank you. Both Ann and I are full time counselors. Students either come to us on their own or are referred to us by a tutor. We see students individually, runsgroupstherapy sessions and courses of sessions as we think necessary. We are here to help with any problems, no matter how great or small, such as homesickness, relationship difficulties, death and separation, sexual problems, undue stress due to work and so on. You will not be the first to be homesick, find college life stressful, or decisions problematic. So please don’t hesitate tocome and have a chat if there is anything bothering you.
This is a confidential service but we are willing to arrange with your course directors, your tutors, Student Union officers, career department or doctors. We can also put you in touch with outside counseling services. As a part of the university, all counseling is free of charge for fulltime students. I know some ofyou may feel that seeing a counselor has a stigma attached to it, but let me assure you even the best balanced individuals encounter situationsswheresthey needsomeone to talk with. So please don’t hesitate.
You’re welcome to make use of this service. We hope you will enjoy your studiesat the university. Thank you.
Section II Use of English
21.B frequently：频繁地；cheaply：便宜地；regularly：有规律地；routinely：例行公事地。本句话是将“船运”和其它运输方式作比较，因此可知选cheaply合符题意。选B。
22.D method：方法；way：方式；channel：路线；means：手段。method、way和means都有“方法”之意，但method所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序，也可以指抽象概念“条理”；way是最通用但最不正式的词；means的含义为“手段”或“工具”，它不仅用于具体的东西，也可以用于抽象的意念。根据上下文可知此处指的是“运输工具”，所以应选means。选D。
23.D consume：消耗；reserve：保存；take：拿去；save：节省。根据后面的a thousand miles shorter可知此处讲的是“运河的作用”，即“节省时间”。应选save。选D。
24.B excursion：短程旅行；voyage：航行；travel：旅行；expedition：远征。本文讲的是在运河中的航运问题，因此可知应用voyage。选B。
25.A locate：位于；perch：栖息；station：驻扎；found：建立。上文讲到“其它运河可使船泊到达一些城市”，此处指的是“城市的方位”，因此应选locate。选A。
26.A still：还；yet：然而；even：甚至；also：同样。上文讲到了其它一些运河的作用，本句话是作进一步说明，所以应选still。选A。
27.C drown：淹没；drift：漂流；drain：排干；draw：引起。根据后面的where there is too much water可知此处应该是指“排干…的积水”。应选drain。选C。
28.D cultivate：培养；exploit：开发；evaporate：蒸发；irritate：灌溉。根据后面的where there is not enough water可知此处应该是指“灌溉…的田地”。应选irritate。选D。
29.A furnish：提供；equip：装备；facilitate：使容易；generate：产生。本句话是说为工厂提供水能，因此可知应选furnish。选A。
30.B scale：比例；size：规模；scope：范围；span：跨度。本句话讲的是“运河的规模”，由此可知应用size。选B。
31.A use后面如接宾语再接动词时，应用动词不定式，表示目的。选A。
32.C 本句话是说“运河必须达到一定的深度，足以使船的龙骨浸入水…2米”。由此可知应用beneath(在…之下)。选C。
33.D tilting：翘起的；curving：弯曲的；smooth：平滑的；sloping：有坡度的。根据后面的while others have sides that are nearly vertical(垂直的)可知此出应选vertical的反义词，应选sloping。选D。
34.B however：然而；moreover：此外；though：虽然；somehow：不知何故。上文讲“穿过岩石的运河两侧几乎是垂直的”，本句话说“两岸为泥土的运河可能崩塌”。说明这两句话是递进关系，应用moreover。选B。
35.D stable：稳定的；level：水平的；prominent：突出的；steep：陡峭的。本句话的意思为：两岸为泥土的运河可能崩塌，因为两侧太陡峭。因此应选steep。选D。
36.C decorate：装饰；solidify：使凝固；line：排成行；trim：整理。本句话是说：砌有砖、石头或水泥的运河可以防止水浸透成泥浆。因此应选line。选C。
37.D drip：滴下；filter：过滤；penetrate：渗透；soak：浸透。只有penetrate和soak可与into搭配；penetrate into意为“刺入”，soak into意为“浸透”。根据句意应选soak。选D。
38.C at…speed是惯用搭配，意为“以…速度”。选C。
39.B touch up：引起；stir up：搅动；mix up：混淆；clear up：整理。本句话是说：不会因搅动水而使运河堤岸倒塌。因此应选stir up。选B。
40.C restrain：抑制；confine：限定；limit：限制；prohibit：禁止。上文提到“有些运河可以高速航行”，而本句话是说：在小运河里，船舶必须限速。因此应选limit。选C。
Section III Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
41.A这是一道主旨题。文章第一段提到了未来工厂的技术特征受影响；第三段指出：现在正在开发的新技术将对未来工厂的发展起作用；第四段说明了利用这些技术的重要性。由此可知：本文主要讲的是未来工厂的战略技术问题。B是第二段的重点，C是最后一段的一个具体内容，D是第三段的重点，它们都不能表达文章的中心思想。只有A能表达文章的中心意思。应选A。
42.C这是一道细节题。文章第二段第一句话指出：制造界对于这些发展是敏感的，当有创造力的人们寻求机会用新的科学成果解决主要问题时，他们很容易开发大的项目，企图占据市场竞争优势。这与C项之意相符。应选C。
43.B这是一道推论题。文章最后一段指出：我相信，这些问题将会以演变的方式得到解决，而不是把它当成一个新的工业革命；在对待未来工厂发展的问题上企图运用个人观点，这已有了一些不幸的失败例子；如果我们过于求多、求快，而不了解战略技术的所有重要特性，不了解它们是否适合有效的生产设备，那么就会引发许多问题。由此可知：如果我们以革命的方式来解决战略技术问题，那么这些问题就不会得到解决。。只有B的推论结果符合文章的意思。应选B。
44.C这是一道细节题。文章最后一段指出：问题在于，战略技术的影响会有多快，如何保证所需的资本投资，我们如何培训人员使用和管理这些技术；我们无论怎么强调人的适应能力和成功能力都不为过；我们还没有用计算机复制这种能力；不过，借助计算机，我们已经能够使人类更能生产，更可靠和更强大。由此可知作者强调的是人的力量。选项中只有C符合此意。应选C。
45.D这是一道词义题。文章第四段第六句话指出：缺乏统一标准是整合的主要障碍，已经根据国家和世界的标准采取了较大的措施，以纠正目前这种状况。由此可知：“deterrent”的意思应该是“阻碍、障碍”。选项中只有D符合此意。应选D。
Text 2
46.C这是一道主旨题。文章第一段就指出：积极的行动就像政府计划一样，是用来实现合法的政府目标的；随后几段文章对此作了解释；最后一段指出：我们现在面临两个道德观的竞争，并解释了这两个道德观。由此可知：本文主要是在分析说明积极行动的道德基础。选项中只有C能表达此意。应选C。
47.A这是一道结构题。文章第二段指出：使用公共设施要收费，公共基金或委托管理计划的负担和利润是广泛分享的；第四段第四句话指出：公共基金计划的负担不是普遍分享的。由此可知：这两种计划不同，作者提到这两种计划是为了利用它们来说明自己的观点。选项中只有A符合此意。应选A。
48.D这是一道细节题。funding的意思为“财政支持，资金”。文章第四段中间部分对此作了说明，指出：公共基金计划的负担不是普遍分享的，并列举了就业的例子。由此可知：作者把funding加引号，是为了提醒读者——积极行动的成本不仅仅是货币的支出，还有其他内容。这与D项之意相符。应选D。
49.D这是一道结构题。文章最后一段中间部分指出：当一名恶棍蓄意但不是挑衅地打伤另一人时，人们认为受伤者应得到补偿，而且给补偿的应是造成伤害者；如果受伤者是自伤，人们也会争论说那名恶棍应被罚款，因为如果有机会，他可能已绊倒了受害者。由此可知：作者提到恶棍只是在打比方，用以类推前文所讲的道理。选项中只有D符合此意。应选D。
50.C这是一道细节题。文章第四段第三句说：区别在于负担的分配场所。这与C项之意相符。应选C。
Text 3
51.B这是一道主旨题。文章第一段指出：有人认为是Leif Erikson发现了美洲，但也有人认为可能是更早的Biarni发现的；在随后的几段中，作者列举了一些事例证明这一观点。由此可知：本文作者的主要目的是想证明Biarni可能比Leif Erikson更早到达美洲。A、C明显与文章之意不符；文中没有证据表明D项正确。只有B符合文章的意思。应选B。
52.A这是一道结构题。文中第三段最后两句话指出：Biarni说他正好到达他父亲在Greenland海边的房前，人们对此有疑问；但人们应该记得，Heriulfsness位于两座高山下，它是作为航海标记的。由此可知：作者提到两座高山是为了说明——Biarni说他准确到达过他父亲在Greenland海边的房子是有道理的。选项中只有A符合此意。应选A。
53.C这是一道细节题。文章第一段最后两句话提到了A、B两项；文章第三段第一句话提到了D项。文章没有提到C项之意。应选C。
54.C这是一道推论题。文章最后一段指出：人们相信，Leif的航行穿过了整个北大西洋是“可能的”，因为这种说法已具有权威性；而Biarni却“不可能”，因为与此有关的说法一直受到谴责。作者在impossible和improbable上加上了引号，说明作者所持的观点相反。由此可知：作者认为Biarni所说的事是可能的。选项中只有C的推论结果符合此意。应选C。
55.A这是一道归纳题。文章最后一段指出：如果不是据认为更可靠的Saga书中所写的Leif的航海故事令人惊异的话，我恐怕会更不相信Biarni所说的话。由此可知：作者认为，Saga书中所述的材料不可信。这与A项之意相符。应选A。Text 4
56.A这是一道主旨题。文章第一段回顾了二十世纪早期之前的美国精神健康运动；后两段说明了二战后美国精神健康运动的变化，并瞻望了其发展前景。由此可知：本文的目的主要是回顾美国精神健康运动的历史，瞻望其发展远景。选项中只有A能表达此意。应选A。
57.C这是一道态度题。文章第一段指出：精神病院人满为患，像监狱一样，成了一个忽视病人的权利、令人恐惧、使人绝望的地方；第二段指出：以前的治疗令人难以忍受；精神病院比监狱的状况更差。由此可知：作者对精神病院的病人持同情、理解的态度。这与C项之意相符。应选C。
58.D这是一道推论题。文章第二段指出：公民权利运动促使律师调查美国的监狱，也促使他们调查比监狱的状况更差的精神病院；在精神病院，病人受到严重的人身限制，被迫服用大剂量的镇定剂，他们所受到的不道义待遇肯定会令公众震惊，尤其会令执法机关震惊。由此可知：如果没有公民权利运动，精神病院的状况可能会逃过执法机关的详细审查。选项中只有D的推论结果符合此意。应选D。
59.C这是一道语调题。文章最后一段指出：司法干预取得了一些积极效果；虽然确保病人得到好的治疗这一任务艰难，但管理人员必须制定标准，进行培训和监督，以确保病人得到好的治疗，确保病人的权利。由此可知：本文的语调是谨慎、乐观的。这与C项之意相符。应选C。
60.B这是一道细节题。文章第二段指出：六十年代早期，公民权利运动促使律师调查美国的监狱，后来又促使他们调查精神病院；在这些运动中，关注公众利益的年轻律师们对精神病院很感兴趣，他们发现了一些令人震惊的现象。由此可知：精神病院状况的改变是由于积极的年轻律师所起的作用。选项中只有B符合此意。应选B。
Part B
61. Pop.com公司的最后几个钟头饱含讽刺意义，足以让史蒂汶·斯皮尔伯格和龙·霍华德拍成一部影片。碰巧的是，俩人正好是这家短命网站的合伙创始人。
62.所以，在宽带网成为主流之前，在线娱乐网的任务就是少花钱，在近似真空的状态中创建品牌。这个任务几乎不可能实现。
63.但是，Pop惨遭败绩，它似乎缺乏生存的意志：它仅仅发布了三次新闻报道，并且一再推延启动计划，结果变成了一个行业闹剧。
64.一个员工说史蒂芬·马丁拿到了十万美元的预算，拍摄包括《我与格温妮》——一个讲述他尝试同格温妮生育孩子的喜剧——在内的短片。其中的原因是巨头老板们不愿意开罪他。
65.就这样，Pop寿终正寝了，其碑文警示所有好莱坞欲盲目进军因特网的人们。
Section IV Writing
When it comes to the issue of going to the west, different people have radically different opinions. Some people believe that going to the west now means opportunities and wealth at this time. Others, however, hold that it’s still anadventure to go there.
For the firstsgroupsof people, the west may bring us, first of all, various good opportunities. As our government is determined to develop the west, therewill be more jobs. Then with the increasing investment from the government, thewest may turn out to be a gold mine. People can make big fortune there. In addition, the west is rich in natural resources. People who go there will get betteraccess to these resources.
In the eyes of the secondsgroupsof people, on the contrary, the west is still a mystery, and it is a risk to go there. To begin with, there is a poor transportation in the west. This will restrict some good opportunities for development. In the second place, the westerners are in general illinformed and poorly educated. At last, the living conditions there are rather hard.
Just as any coin has two sides, it is no exception with the issue of goingto the west now. But if I am allowed to make a decision, I would prefer to go to the west for the following two reasons. On one hand, as a university student, I should make my own contribution to the prosperity of our country. On the otherhand, as it’s more and more difficult for graduates to find job now, I believeit is the best chance to get employed in the west. (275 words)
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