考研英语试题的阅读理解中的态度原则_新浪教育

考研英语试题的阅读理解中的态度原则

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/05/21 11:15 新东方教育在线

　　命题专家命题时，为了验证考生到底有没有读懂文章，会就整个文章或某个语言区域相对较为主观的态度设问。作者态度题有两种题型：

　　1.文章作者态度题：这种题目对考生而言难度较大，迷惑性也较强，因为命题专家是针对整篇文章设问，考生很难找到具体对应的语言点，所以要把握整篇文章。例如作者在谈一件事时是用反讽的口气，还是赞成的语气，此类题所给的答案选项一般是四个形容词，考

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生应在审题时就把握好这四个形容词所表达的意思，然后返回文章去寻找感觉。特别提醒考生要牢记所遇到的构成作者态度题选项的每一个形容词。

　　做文章作者态度题时，千万不要把考生自己的态度揉进文章中，同时要注意区分作者本人的态度与作者引用的观点态度。文章作者态度是作者说话的口气(tone)，不是考某一个语言点，而是文章中数个语言点串起来的一根线给读者的整体感觉。

　　It was 3∶45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on_line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess:“We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.”

　　The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right_to_life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life_extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada,swheresthe right_to_die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

　　Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a“cooling off”period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54_year_old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and cawing at their masks,”he says.

　　The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of.

　　［A］opposition

　　［B］suspicion

　　［C］approval

　　［D］indifference［1997.54］

　　［正确答案］C

　　Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.Think of Gallileo's 17th_century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

　　Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked“antiscience”in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon_Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

　　Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in 1995, and“Science in the Age of (Mis) information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.

　　Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

　　Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

　　Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term‘antiscience’can lump together too many, quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti_Science,“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”

　　The author's attitude toward the issue of“science vs. antiscience”is

　　［A］impartial

　　［B］subjective

　　［C］biased

　　［D］puzzling［1998.62］

　　［正确答案］A

　　It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever_longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprised!—fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy“does not enable user to fly.”

　　While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.

　　Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in casesswheresa warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.“We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,”says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—asgroupsof judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.“Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,”says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

　　The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be.

　　［A］biased

　　［B］indifferent

　　［C］puzzling

　　［D］objective［1996.54］

　　［正确答案］D

　　2.局部作者态度题：此类题目考查考生对局部细节所体现出的作者态度的理解，因此做此类题时，考生不能再像前一种态度题一样去找“感觉”，而应当回到文章局部上，落到实处。

　　In the last half of the nineteenth century,“capital”and“labour”were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state_owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business!At the same time the great municipalities wentsintosbusiness to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.

　　The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large“comfortable”classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand“shareholding”meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation.The“shareholders”as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which they held shares, and their influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.

　　The author is most critical of .

　　［A］family firm owners

　　［B］landowners

　　［C］managers

　　［D］shareholders［1996.62］

　　［正确答案］D

　　在谈到family firm owners时，作者只是说：“通过雇用一大批专业人员，这一变化适应了新时代的技术要求，防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降通常是家族公司在精力充沛的创立者之后的第二三代破产的原因。”这是很客观的表述，在谈到landowners时说：“对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人运作大大增加了作为一个阶层的持股人的数量及地位的重要性。国民生活中这一现象的出现代表了不由个人负责的财富与土地及土地所有者的义务的分离，这也在同样程度上意味着(不由个人负责的财富)与经营管理责任的分离。”也是很客观的表述，没有表明自己的态度。C选项在原文中有两处提及，但都是指带薪经理，对经理并没有进行任何批评性评论，因而也不符合题意。只有D选项对应原文中The“shareholders”as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.“像这样的‘持股人’对所持股票公司雇用的工人的生活，思想和需求一无所知，他对资本与劳工关系没有什么好的影响。”显然，作者对这种“持股人”持批判的态度，所以D是正确答案。实际上，1996年第62题命题也可以直接以下面的形式出现：

　　The author's attitude towards shareholders is.

　　［A］biased

　　［B］positive

　　［C］sympathetic

　　［D］critical

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