2001年阅读真题及语言点、难句详解(一)_新浪教育

2001年阅读真题及语言点、难句详解(一)

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/05/21 14:33 新东方教育在线

　　Passage 1

　　Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject mattersintossmaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related

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developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

　　No clear_cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integratedsintosthe scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

　　1. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .

　　［A］sociology and chemistry

　　［B］physics and psychology

　　［C］sociology and psychology

　　［D］physics and chemistry

　　2. We can infer from the passage that .

　　［A］there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation［B］amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　［C］professionals tend to welcome amateurssintosthe scientific community

　　［D］amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

　　3. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .

　　［A］the process of specialisation and professionalisation

　　［B］the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　［C］the change of policies in scientific publications

　　［D］the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　4. The direct reason for specialisation is .

　　［A］the development in communication

　　［B］the growth of professionalisation

　　［C］the expansion of scientific knowledge

　　［D］the splitting up of academic societies

　　第一部分文章背景

　　［内容分类］自然科学--科学史

　　本文主要是一篇论述科学发展的专业化和职业化的文章，作者客观地描述了这一过程，而文章一半左右的篇幅都在以英国地质学的发展来举例。因此在阅读此文的时候要注意例证对于作者观点的支持。

　　第二部分语言点详解

　　1. specialisation专业化

　　［大纲词汇］specialise/specializev.(in)专攻,专门研究,专业化

　　［衍生词汇］specialization/specialisationn.专业化,专门化

　　［经典例句］The specialization of modern industry has greatly increased output.

　　2. accumulation积累

　　［大纲词汇］accumulatev.积累,储蓄,堆积

　　［衍生词汇］accumulationn.积累

　　［经典例句］Wisdom comes from accumulation of experience.

　　3. split up分裂,分开

　　［大纲词汇］splitv.裂开，劈开;分裂,分离；n.分化,分裂,裂口

　　［经典例句］They split up after years of marriage.

　　4. unit单位

　　［大纲词汇］unitn.单位,单元;部件,元件;机组,装置

　　［经典例句］A family is the smallest social unit.

　　5. professionalisation专业化

　　［大纲词汇］professionn.职业,自由职业

　　professionala.职业的,专业的,专门的；n.自由职业者,专业人员

　　［衍生词汇］professionalisation/professionalizationn.专业化,职业化

　　［经典例句］Many training programs were initiated at the requirement of professionalisation.

　　6. clear_cut明确的

　　［扩充词汇］clear_cuta.轮廓清楚的,清晰的;明确的

　　［联想记忆］clear_headeda.头脑清楚的clear_eyeda.有洞察力的

　　［经典例句］There was no clear_cut difference between the two proposals.

　　7. amateur业余活动(爱好)者

　　［大纲词汇］amateura.业余的；n.业余活动(爱好)者

　　［经典例句］He is very good at piano playing as an amateur.

　　8. connotation含义

　　［扩充词汇］connotationn.含蓄;内涵意义,隐含意义

　　［经典例句］Politician carries different connotations from "statesman".

　　9. integrate into成为一体，融入

　　［大纲词汇］integratev.(into, with)(使)成为一体，(使)结合在一起，(使)合并

　　［经典例句］The different ideas have been integratesintosone uniform plan.

　　10. participation参与

　　［大纲词汇］participatev.(in)参与，参加；分享，分担

　　［衍生词汇］participationn.参与

　　［经典例句］We expected their participation in the conference.

　　11. laboratory实验室

　　［大纲词汇］laboratoryn.实验室，研究室

　　12. in terms of从…方面而言

　　［大纲词汇］in terms of依据，依照；用…措辞

　　［经典例句］It has been a terrible year in terms of business.

　　13. comparison比较

　　［大纲词汇］comparisonn.比较，对比，比喻，比拟

　　［经典例句］The comparison of the output of last two months showed a steady increase.

　　14. publication出版物

　　［大纲词汇］publicationn.出版物；出版，发行；公布，发表

　　［经典例句］His articles appeared in various publication.

　　15. definition定义

　　［大纲词汇］definitionn.定义，解释

　　［经典例句］A clear definition to this term is the key to solve the argument.

　　16. constitute构成

　　［大纲词汇］constitutev.组成，构成

　　constitutionn.构成，构造，组成(方式)，成分；体格，体质；宪法

　　［经典例句］Twelve months constitute a year.

　　17. in their own right凭他们本身的实力

　　［大纲词汇］in one's own right凭本身的权利(能力、实力、资格等)

　　［经典例句］This brand of wine is becoming popular in its own right.

　　18. incorporate结合

　　［大纲词汇］incorporatev.合并，纳入，结合；a.合并的

　　［经典例句］The proposal incorporated different suggestions.

　　19. reflect on反映出

　　［大纲词汇］reflectv.反映，表现；反省，细想；考虑

　　［经典例句］Your sales figures reflected well on your ability as a salesman.

　　20. on the other hand另一方面

　　［大纲词汇］on the other hand另一方面

　　［经典例句］On the other hand, it also indicated his nervousness.

　　21. entrance进入，登载

　　［大纲词汇］entrancen.进入；入口，门口；入学，入会

　　［经典例句］Entrancesintosthe college was a great event in his life.

　　22. reinforce加强

　　［大纲词汇］reinforcev.增援，加强

　　［衍生词汇］reinforcementn.加强

　　［经典例句］He reinforced his argument with more facts.

　　23. widespread普遍的

　　［大纲词汇］widespreada.分布广泛的，普遍的

　　［经典例句］There is a widespread belief that newspapers have not told the truth.

　　24. referee审阅

　　［扩充词汇］refereev.审阅，鉴定(学术著作等)；仲裁，裁判

　　［经典例句］All submitted papers are to be refereed.

　　25. differentiation区分，分化

　　［大纲词汇］differentiatev.区别，区分；(使)不同

　　［衍生词汇］differentiationn.区别，区分；分化

　　［经典例句］Differentiation of the two substances are still not clear to the scientists.

　　26. specific society特定的团体

　　27. whereas反之

　　［大纲词汇］whereasconj.而，却，反之

　　［经典例句］She is honest, whereas her husband is sly.

　　28. delay延迟

　　［大纲词汇］delayn./v.耽搁，延迟

　　［经典例句］The plane is delayed due to heavy rain.

　　29. reckon估计

　　［大纲词汇］reckonv.认为，估计；指望，想要；测算，依靠，指望

　　［经典例句］You can reckon me among your supporters.

　　第三部分难句解析

　　1.No clear_cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integratedsintosthe scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.

　　［结构剖析］先看前面的句子的主干是No...distinction can be drawn between...，冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless，表示语意的转折，其主句是the word "amateur" does carry a connotation，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个并列谓语。

　　［阅读重点］注意nevertheless表示转折，其后的信息与其前面的信息意思相反，前面讲二者没有很明显的区别，后面便说业余和专业就是不一样。其次要看清the word "amateur" DOES carry a connotation而非DOES NOT。

　　［参考译文］科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线：因为任何规则都有例外。然而，"业余"一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界，尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值。

　　2.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　［结构剖析］两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend，两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated。前一个分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰areas of science。

　　［阅读重点］注意be illustrated的用法，这里是"举例说明，例证说明"的意思；另外in terms of是就某事来说，以某事为例的意思。

　　［参考译文］很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域表现最为明显，并且可以英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。

　　3.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

　　［结构剖析］本句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half(中心词为a comparison)，谓语是reveals，宾语主体结构是not simply...but also...所连接的两个并列宾语，注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。

　　［阅读重点］an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research译为对科研的重要性的强调不断攀升，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper译为一篇过得去的科研论文创作标准也有所变化，其中what指代the elements that。

　　［参考译文］将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。

　　4.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.

　　［结构剖析］全句的主干结构是The...result has been to do sth。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其核心词是a result,可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。

　　［阅读重点］entrance入口，此处指发表文章，进入专业圈子。reinforce增强，也就是使难度更高。本句的理解重点在于理顺句子结构，要看到在第一个逗号之后没有动词了，可以一层一层地把这个名词短语分解开。

　　［参考译文］这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难了，而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果，该种制度先是出现在19世纪的国家级刊物上，后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用

　　。

　　5.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　［结构剖析］这是一个并列关系的并列句，两个分句由whereas(而)连接，说明了两种情况，前面是在说professional，而后面说amateurs。

　　［阅读重点］coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解为组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团。

　　［参考译文］一个颇为相似的分化过程已经导致专业的地质学家走到一起组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团，而业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团，要么也以另一种方式组成全国性机构。

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