考研英语知识运用对倒装与省略的要求 | ||
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/07/09 17:18 双博士丛书 | ||
(一)倒装语序的重点 英语的基本语序“主语+谓语”,这叫陈述句语序。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前,这种语序叫做倒装语序。当谓语全部放在主语之前时,叫做全部倒装;当谓语的一部分(如助动词或情态动词)放在主语前面时,叫做部分倒装。以下五点是倒装的重点: (1)用于句首为下列副词的句子中:Here,There,Now,Out,In,Up,Down,Away,Off,Then,全倒装。 Here is a ticket for you.这里有你一张票。 Down came the bird.那只鸟飞了下来。 Up went the plane.那架飞机冲入云霄。 但是如果主语是代词就不倒装。如:Here you are. There he comes. (2)在下列副词为首的句型中,形成部分倒装。 Only+副词、介词短语、状语从句或Often,Many a time.如: Only then did I realize the importance of English.只有那时我才认识到英文的重要性。 Only in Beijing have I seen such a beautiful scenery.只有在北京才看到这样美丽的景色。 Often did we ask her not to be late for school.我们常常请求她上学不要迟到。 Many a time has he helped us.他曾多次帮助过我们。 (3)用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)的肯定句或否定句中: ①肯定重复倒装用:so 例:They have all got up,and so has Jack。他们都起来了,所以杰克也起来了。 ②否定重复倒装用:nor,neither,no more,如: If you don't agree to our plan,neither will they.如果你们不同意我们的计划,他们也不同意。 Tom cant speak French.Nor(Neither)can Jack.汤姆不会讲法语,杰克也不会讲。 (4)在下列含否定副词、短语为首的句子或句型中,形成部分倒装: never,at no time(决不),by no means(决不),nowhere,in no case(决不), little,under(in)no circumstances,not only,neither,nor,no sooner...than...,never before ,not until,hardly(scarcely,barely)...when...,not only...but also....Never before have I seen such a wonderful park.我从未看见过这样美丽的公园。 No sooner had I gone out than it rained.我刚出去,就下雨了。 (5)用于让步状语从句中(由某些连词连接的):no matter how (who...), however,as。如: No matter how busy he is,he has to attend the meeting.无论多忙,他都得去参加会议。 However cold it is,he always goes swimming.无论多冷他总去游泳。 Brave as they are,they are afraid of fight.他们虽然很勇敢,但害怕斗争。 (二)省略 为了避免重复,使语言简练紧凑,在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下,往往省去一个或多个 句子成分或词语。 1.简单句中的省略。 (1)所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。如: She is going to his uncles (house).她去舅舅家。 Today I met her at the tailors (shop).今天我在裁缝店碰见她。 (2)there+be结构中的引导词there以及谓语be,或同时省略,或省略there。如: (There are)No gains without pains.不劳而获。 (Is there)Anything wrong?怎么啦? (3)独立主格结构中的分词如为being或having been时,则多省去不用,意义不受影响。如: The meeting(being)over,we all left the room.会议结束后我们都离开了房间。 Books (having been)carried,we went to our school.拿着书本我们就去上学了。 (4)两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式可省去to。如: Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes.她的工作是照看孩子和洗衣服。 (5)主(宾)语补足语中的to be往往省略。如: We found the problem(to be) serious.我们发现问题严重。 He was thought (to be) the cleverest boy in the group.大家认为在小组中他最聪明。 2.并列句子的省略。 (1)并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语,不管它在句子中作何种成分,都可以省略。如: His father is a doctor,his mother(is) a nurse. They dont go to the Summer Palace,neither do I (go to the Summer Palace). (2)特别是在动词appear,believe,expect,fear,hope,seem,suppose,trust,think,或词组be afraid后面,表示肯定时用so,表示否定时可用not。 例:I think youll win the race;indeed we all think so.我认为你一定会赢得这场比赛,事实上我们都这样想。 Im not sure she isnt coming, but I suppose.我不能肯定她不来,但我想是这样。 3.从句中的省略。 (1)宾语从句。 以which,when,where,how和why引导的宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时,可省略全部谓语,甚至主语也省略,仅保留一个wh词。例: She will go to Beijing, but I don't know when(she will go to Beijing.) 她将去北京但我不知道她何时去。 She can't come,but I don't know why (she can't come). 她不能来,但我不知道为什么她不能。 (2)定语从句。 定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词。在非正式文体中,也可省略关系副词when和why。 关系代词as后面的主谓结构也可省略。例: I shall never forget the day(when) I entered Tsinghua University.我永远不会忘记我进清华的日子。 I like the novel for the very reason (why) you dislike it. 我喜欢那本小说的原因恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。 He gave the same answer as before(=as he had given before).他的回答如前。 (3)状语从句。 在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中,如果主语与主句主语一致,或者主语是it,那么动词be及其主语通常可省略。如: He likes sports when(he was)a child.他从孩子时代起就爱好运动。 I did not notice it until (it was) too late.很晚了我才注意到它。 The river is clean where(it is)deep.这条河流的深处是干净的。 Improve your paper where(it is)possible.尽可能地修改你的论文。 Although(he was)the youngest of the class,he won all the prizes.尽管他在全班最年轻,他获得了所有的奖。 He opened his mouth as if (he were)to speak.他张开嘴似乎要讲话。 He wont come unless(he is)invited.只有邀请他,他才来。 than和as引导的比较状语从句,如果意义明确,than和as后面的任何部分都可省略。如: He eats more than(what) is good for him.他总是吃得过多。 I know you better than (I know) him.我了解你胜过了解他
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