考研英语阅读理解2002年真题解析_新浪教育

考研英语阅读理解2002年真题解析

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/07/23 15:44 双博士丛书

　　此种题型的例题技巧也是抓住文章中的关键词，正确的答案可在文章中找到。有时，还需要我们稍加推论，答案一定隐藏在文中的某句话中。请看以下例题：

　　2002年第2篇全真考研题

　　Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning t

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.1" SRC="http://sina.allyes.com/main/adfshow?user=AFP6_for_SINA|Edu|WebPIP&db=sina&local=yes&js=on"></SCRIPT> <NOSCRIPT><A HREF="http://sina.allyes.com/main/adfclick?user=AFP6_for_SINA|Edu|WebPIP&db=sina"><IMG SRC="http://sina.allyes.com/main/adfshow?user=AFP6_for_SINA|Edu|WebPIP&db=sina" WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 BORDER=0></a></NOSCRIPT>

ools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.

　　As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking isdone at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness forthe transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robodrivers. Andthanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

　　But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will haveto operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,”says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA,“we can't yet give a robot enough‘commonsense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”

　　Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

　　What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.

　　46.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in.

　　Athe use of machines to produce science fiction

　　Bthe wide use of machines in manufacturing industry

　　Cthe invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work

　　Dthe elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work

　　47.The word“gizmos”(line 1, paragraph 2)most probably means.

　　Aprograms

　　Bexperts

　　Cdevices

　　Dcreatures

　　48.According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can.

　　Afulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery

　　Binteract with human beings verbally

　　Chave a little commonsense

　　Drespond independently to a changing world

　　49.Besides reducing human labor, robots can also.

　　Amake a few decisions for themselves

　　Bdeal with some errors with human intervention

　　Cimprove factory environments

　　Dcultivate human creativity

　　50.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.

　　Aexpected to copy human brain in internal structure

　　Bable to perceive abnormalities immediately

　　Cfar less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information

　　Dbest used in a controlled environment

　　46C题意是：人类的创造力最初展示在。

　　A使用机器产生科学幻想；B在制造业广泛使用机器；C发明工具以应付艰险的工作；D精英人才机智地应付危险和枯燥的工作。

　　本题考生只要正确理解文首第一句话的含义即可，文中并没有强调“the elite(精英人才)”，只提到“people have devised cunning tools”，

　　因此排除D，而A、B两项都不符合题中“initially(最初、最早)”这一要求，故而选C。

　　47C本题要判断“gizmos”这一单词的含义，由第一段提到“robotics”，而“conferring human capabilities on machines”与修饰gizmos的定语从句中“remove, much human labor”相照应，联系上下文句意，gizmos应该是与机器人有关，因此排除A、B、D，选C。这也从gizmos的下面四句举例论述可以看出，如工厂中的机械，银行的自动出纳终端，地铁的无线机器驾驶员等。

　　48D题意为：人类现在还无法设计一个能的机器人。

　　A强调“fulfill delicate tasks”，第二段最后一句指出，已经有机器人系统，能完成某些大脑或骨科外科手术，因此排除A；B强调与人进行言语上的交流，第二段第三句则指出“automated teller terminals”可以“thank us with mechanical politeness”，因此B亦被排除；C强调“have a little common sense”，从第三段Dave Lavery的话可以看出，机器人不是没有commonsense,而是没有“enough”足够的commonsense，排除C，只有D符合第三段原意，机器人尚不能“reliably interact with a dynamic world”。

　　49B题意为：机器人除了能减少人的劳力之外，还可以。

　　A自己作一些决定；B在人工干预下处理某些错误；C改善工厂环境；D培养人的创造力。

　　由第三段第一句可以看出，机器人尚不能“make at least a few decisions for themselves”，故排除A。C、D在文中根本没有出现这样的字眼，可不予考虑，而在第三段中，由“We know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error”即可推断B项是正确选项。

　　50C题意为：作者举猴子一例，意在证明机器人。

　　A被期望能在内部结构上与人脑相似；B能立即感知异常；C在关注相关信息上比人脑能力差很多；D最好用于可控的环境。

　　本题需要考生能迅速在文章中找到相关细节，“monkey”一词出现在第五段第三句，由“the human mind can...immediately disregard the 98% that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey...”，可以看出，这里谈的是人脑能迅速捕捉相关信息，而忽略无关信息，再由第四句“the most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability”，可以得出，既然最先进的计算机系统都不能有这样的能力，则正确答案应选C。文中虽然出现“in a controlled factory environment”以及“recognize the error...”这样的字眼，A项也符合事实，但A、B、D三项都与猴子一例无关，可排除A、B、D。

　　译文

　　人们开始有智能以来，一直在制造越来越精巧的工具，来帮助他们承担危险的、单调的、沉重的或者肮脏的工作。这一倾向的结果是机械化：也就是用机器来模拟人的各种能力的学科。如果说科学家们还没能创造出科幻小说的“机器版”的话，他们至少是在朝这个目标接近了。

　　结果，世界上的智能机器越来越多，虽然它们的存在几乎无法察觉，但它们的广泛使用的确节省了大量的劳力，我们的工厂因为有机械化装配线才能运转，我们的银行用自动录音来播放礼貌性的问候，我们的地铁由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶员控制。而且由于电子技术和缩微技术的发展，我们现在已经拥有能够进行脑科和骨科手术的机械装备，手术误差在毫微米以下，这已经比最熟练的外科医师还要准确了。

　　但是如果机器人要发展到下一阶段，更多地节省劳力的话，他们必须能够在更少人监督的情况下工作，至少能自己作出一些决定——而这是非常难以达到的。“虽然我们知道，如何让机器去处理一些特定的错误，”美国国家航空航天局机器人研究计划的经理代维-拉瓦利说道，“我们还不能让一个机器人拥有足够的常识，让它来适应不断变化的世界。”

　　事实上，对真正人工智能的追求导致了多重后果。虽然早在20世纪六七十年代，人们就预言微处理器和控制电路可以让机器模拟人的行为，但他们预言的2010年还是太乐观了。新近的研究认为，这一目标的实现要推后几十年，如果不是几百年的话。

　　当他们想去模拟人的思维时，他们发现人脑大概有一千亿个神经细胞，比他们预想的要复杂得多，精密得多。在实验室环境中，他们可以制作出一些机器人，这些机器人可以分辨微米以下的数据误差。但是人脑的高超之处在于他们可以一眼就识辩出重要的信息，而同时把百分之九十八的无关信息舍弃。比如在一片树林，马上发现一只猴子；或者在一群人中间，马上发现一张可疑的面孔。世界上没有一个计算机可以做到这一点，而神经科学家甚至不知道我们是怎么做到这一点的。

【评论】【推荐】【大中小】【打印】【关闭】

　　订阅新浪体育新闻，送你皇马球票让你亲历五大球星风采
　　新浪邮箱雄踞市场第一真诚回馈用户全面扩容
　　新概念英语口语出国考试考研暑期限时优惠
　　无数人梦寐以求的境界，亲密接触，激烈搏杀，包你爽上“天堂”

新闻查询
关键词一关键词二