SWIFTER, HIGHER, STRONGER

　　更快，更高，更强

　　by Ann Stalcup

　　Although Citius, altius, fortius ("Swifter, higher, stronger") is the Latin motto of today's Olympic Games, athletes have been striving to improve their athletic skills since ancient times. All over ancient Greece, athletic contests, dance contests, and horse, boat, and torch races were held. Greek literature describes the many sports that were popular in ancient times; murals and statues show discus throwers, wrestlers, and charioteers.

　　Organized games in Greece began 3,500 years ago. By the sixth century B.C., there were several Greek sporting festivals, but the most important one took place in Olympia every fourth summer. The Olympic Games were held in honor of Zeus, the father of the gods. Only citizens of Greek city-states could participate, and the only race, a sprint, was run over a distance called a stade (200 yards). Coroebus, a cook who won the race in 776 B.C., was the first recorded champion.

　　Gradually, other running events were added, as well as horse racing, wrestling, a pentathlon, chariot racing, and boxing. Athletes competed in the nude; women could neither participate nor watch. At a banquet, champions were presented with olive wreaths.

　　When Rome conquered Greece in the second century B.C., the games continued. In A.D. 394, the Roman emperor Theodosius, a Christian, banned all festivals that honored Olympic gods. The Olympic Games ended. Fifteen hundred years later, in 1894, Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin (coo-bare-TENH) revived interest in the games.

　　The modern Olympic Games were organized as a way of promoting peace, friendship, and healthy sporting competition among the youth of the world. Athens, Greece, was chosen as the site of the first modern Olympics. Held in April 1896, the games involved 13 nations, 311 male athletes, 42 events, and nine sports. Women were not allowed to compete until four years later. The United States won nine of the track and field events, but Greece won the most medals with 47.

　　The Olympic Games are held in a different country every four years. At the opening ceremonies, the Greek team always leads the parade of athletes. The Olympic flame is still lit in Olympia and carried to the site of the games by a series of torchbearers. This tradition began in Germany in 1936 when 3,000 runners crossed seven countries on their journey from Greece. The passage of the Olympic torch captures the imagination of the world, reminding people of the original focus of the games－world peace and sportsmanship.

　　In ancient Greece, all wars ceased for as long as the games lasted. Unfortunately, that has not been the case in modern times. The 1916 games were canceled because of World War I, and World War II caused the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 games.

　　The games have gone through many changes since the first Olympics in ancient Greece. The September 2000 games in Sydney, Australia, the 27th modern Olympics, are scheduled to last 16 days, and involve 10,000 athletes, 198 countries, and 28 sports.

　　For 100 days, a series of 12,000 torch- bearers has carried the Olympic torch by foot, plane, and boat across the Pacific to Australia. Its Australian journey began in the "red center" of the continent at Uluru (Ayers Rock), an immense rock sacred to the Aboriginal people. The many modes of transportation represent the varied lifestyles of the Australian people and included a dragon boat and the Flying Doctor Service (a group that provides medical aid and advice to people in isolated areas). The torch is set to reach the Olympic Stadium in Sydney during the opening ceremonies on September 15.

　　The Olympic Games will return to their homeland in 2004. The people of Athens are busy preparing for the games. Hotels, stadiums, and other facilities are being built, and the city's subway system is being expanded to accommodate the thousands of people who will visit the city for the summer games.

　　In today's Greece, the most popular sports are much the same as those loved in other parts of the world. Baseball diamonds are rare, but soccer is everywhere. Soccer, or podosphero is the favorite sport of both adults and children. Children can play in organized soccer leagues starting when they are six years old. Basketball is second in popularity, and volleyball is third. Basketball became a national passion after Greece won the world championship in 1987.

　　Since many Greeks live on or near the sea, water sports are popular and children learn to swim at an early age. Greeks also enjoy sailing, diving, tennis, golf, and auto racing, as well as the English game of cricket.

　　After school, children are involved in many of the same activities that American children enjoy: reading, skateboarding, hopscotch, and playing ball. Sports are still an important part of Greek life and, by giving us the Olympics, the Greeks have had a tremendous influence on world sports and sportsmanship.

　　尽管拉丁语Citius, altius, fortius (更快，更高，更强)是现代奥林匹克运动的座右铭，但早在远古时期运动员就已经开始积极地提高他们的运动技巧了。在古希腊各地都进行着田径赛、舞蹈比赛、赛马、赛船，以及火炬赛跑。希腊文学作品描述了许多在古代就很流行的体育项目，各种壁画和雕塑也展示了古希腊投掷铁饼、摔跤和马车比赛的场景。

　　举行体育运动会始于3 500年前的希腊。到了公元前6世纪，希腊有几种体育节，但其中最重要的是每隔4年在夏季举行的奥林匹克运动会。当时举办奥林匹克运动会是为了纪念众神之父——宙斯。只有希腊城邦的公民可以参加，且只有一个竞赛项目——短跑，即200码(1码约合0.9144米）短跑。公元前776年,一个名叫Coroebus的厨师是第一个记录在册的冠军。

　　后来，运动项目不断增加，有赛马、摔跤、五项全能、马车比赛和拳击。参加比赛的运动员全是裸体男性，妇女既不让参加也不让观看。在庆祝宴会上，冠军被戴上橄榄枝花环。

　　即使在公元前二世纪古罗马占领希腊时，运动会还继续举行。公元394年，罗马皇帝基督教徒狄奥多西一世禁止纪念奥林匹克众神的所有节日。奥林匹克运动会停止举行。1500年以后，1894年，法国男爵顾拜旦对运动会重新产生了兴趣。

　　现代奥林匹克运动会提倡在世界青年中发展和平、友谊和健康的体育竞技精神。希腊雅典被选为第一届现代奥林匹克运动会的主办城市。于1896年4月举办的这届运动会有13个参加国，311名男运动员，42个项目和9项运动（4年以后妇女才被允许参加运动会）。美国在9 项田径项目中获得冠军，而希腊获得的奖牌最多，达47枚。

　　奥林匹克运动会每隔4年在不同的国家举办。历届开幕式上，希腊队总是走在运动员队伍的最前列。奥林匹克火焰仍燃烧在希腊的奥林匹亚，然后由多名火炬手传递到运动会举办城市。这一传统始于1936年的德国，3000名运动员从希腊出发，沿途穿越了7个国家。奥林匹克火炬之路激发了全世界的想象，唤起了人们对奥林匹克运动会宗旨的再认识，那就是世界和平和体育精神。

　　古代希腊，只要有奥运会，战争就会为此而停止。不幸的是，在现代情况并非如此。1916年的运动会因第一次世界大战而取消；1940和1944年的两次奥运会，由于第二次世界大战而停止。

　　自从古希腊的第一次奥林匹克运动会以来，运动会已经有了很大变化。2000年9月在澳大利亚悉尼举办的第27届奥运会，历时16天，1万多名运动员和198个国家参加，有28种运动。

　　历时100天，多达12 000名的火炬手经过徒步、飞机和乘船跨越太平洋将奥林匹克火炬从希腊传递到澳大利亚。澳大利亚的旅程起点在Uluru大陆的“红色中心”（艾尔斯岩），一块土著人奉为神明的巨石。火炬传递的不同方式代表着澳大利亚人不同的生活方式，它包括龙舟和飞行医疗队（这是为偏远地区人们提供医疗救助的团体）。火炬最终在9月15日的开幕式时到达悉尼奥林匹克体育场。

　　2004年奥运会再次回到她的故乡。雅典人民正在为此做准备。他们正在建设宾馆、体育场和其他设施；城市地铁正在扩建，以适应夏天来观看运动会的成千上万人。

　　今天的希腊，人们喜欢的体育运动和世界其他地区相似。棒球场很少，但足球场随处可见。无论大人还是孩子，足球是他们最喜欢的体育运动。小孩6岁以后可以参加足球队。篮球是他们第二项最喜爱的运动，排球第三。在希腊获得1987年世界篮球锦标赛冠军后，全国开始一片篮球热。

　　由于多数希腊人住在海边或离海不远，所以水上运动非常普遍，孩子很小就开始学游泳。希腊人除了喜欢英国的板球还喜欢航行、跳水、网球、高尔夫和汽车赛。

　　放学后，孩子们喜欢玩的游戏和美国孩子的一样，比如看书、滑板、跳房子和打球。体育运动仍然是希腊人生活的重要部分。希腊人通过奥运会对全世界的体育运动和体育精神产生了重大的影响。

　　A Pentathlon (pen- TATH-lon) is a track and field event in which athletes compete in five different contests, usually sprinting, hurdling, long jumping, and discus and javelin throwing.