对策题是申论必考的题型之一，无论是招警、省考、联考还是国考，而且，对策题的分值一般为20—30分，因此，其重要性是不言而喻的。同时，从我们常年对申论阅卷的了解与研究发现，绝大多数考生对策题的答案不完整、要点严重不足、要点的写作不充分，得分极低。

　　分数偏低的重要原因就是，审题不仔细导致答案不完整。很多考生认为，对策题的答案就是对策而已，这其实是有问题的。申论题目的答案，并不只有一个部分，有时候会有两个部分甚至三个部分，而这道题的答案若为几个部分，分数也会分为几个部分。换句话说，如果一道对策题的答案本来是两个部分，而考生只答了一个部分，那另外一个部分的分数就直接扣除了，必将与高分无缘了。那对策题的答案一般是几个部分呢？如何进行准确的区分呢？

　　下面给出三道对策题的真题：

　　例1：根据“给定资料4”中的媒体报道，概括H区爆发狂犬病疫情以及屠狗行动中前前后后所暴露出的问题，并针对问题提出自己的解决建议(25分)。要求：1、对存在的问题概括准确、扼要；2、所提建议具体明确，有针对性；3、不超过500字。

　　例2：针对W市在进一步建设“宜居城市”过程中存在的具体问题，参考给定资料，提出解决这些问题的具体建议。(20分)要求：(1)准确全面，切实可行；(2)条理清楚，表达简明。不超过300字。

　　例3：参考给定材料，为发展江西文化产业提出建议。(25分)要求：针对性强，具体可行，不超过300字。

　　我们先来看例1，这道题来自2012年421联考申论真题卷。从题干来看，要求我们“概括问题并提出建议”，这个非常明确，答案应该是两个部分，问题+建议。再看“要求”，也非常明确，要求问题准确、扼要，建议具体明确有针对性，所以本题答案应是，问题+建议。也就是说，本题若认真审题，从题干和要求都可以明确审出，答案应该包括“问题+建议”两个部分，这样子答案才是完整的，才不会轻易失分，为高分打下良好基础。

　　我们再来看例2，这道题来自2010年国考(市地级)申论真题卷。从题干来看，只要求我们“提出具体建议”，似乎只要写建议即可，答案为一个部分。然后我们继续看要求，“准确全面，切实可行”，“切实可行”是对建议或对策的要求，而“准确全面”则是要求我们先把W市在进一步建设“宜居城市”过程中存在的具体问题概括出来，而且要“准确全面”，因此，从要求来看，本题答案应是问题+建议，是两个部分。综上，由于“要求”是命题人对本题答案的要求，我们必须尽力做到，所以，本题答案也是两个部分，问题+建议。

　　最后我们来看例3，这道题来自2012年江西省考申论真题卷。从题干来看，要求我们“提出建议”，即一个部分。然后看要求，对策“具体可行”，有些同学认为“针对性强”是要针对问题，其实不然，只是要我们针对并结合江西本省文化产业的实际情况而已，认真审题很重要，然过度解读只会徒增烦恼。因此，本题从题干到要求，都只对建议提出了要求，也就是说，本题的答案应该是一个部分，即建议。同时我们应该注意，本题字数仅300字，字数较少，仅够书写建议部分。

　　因此，我们得出结论：对策题的答案一般为两个部分，问题+对策，有时候是“原因+对策”。要不要写第一个部分的“问题”或“原因”，应该看题干后面的“要求”有无明确提出。

　　对策的三大来源

　　通过审题已经知道，对策题的答案一般为两个部分，问题+对策，有时候是“原因+对策”。要不要写第一个部分的“问题”或“原因”，应该看题干后面的“要求”有无明确提出。接下来我们来讲对策题答案的主要来源——材料。我们都知道，申论的小题目都是采点给分，答案大部分来源于材料，对策题也不例外。除了概括题的答案是100%来自于材料外，其他的小题目的答案都是80%来自于材料，对策题就是这样。在材料里，对策主要有三个来源。

　　第一个是从对策到对策。在材料里会有一些现成的对策，如权威领导人的讲话、权威部门负责人的发言、政府部门的做法，专家学者的发言或建议，甚至有时候有些群众或者网友的建议也可以成为我们的对策来源。从材料中找出来这些相关信息之后，要认真的进行分析对于作答有无用处，确定有用之后，对这些素材进行语言上的润色加工，材料上的内容太简洁了，我们进行扩充，材料中的内容太长太零碎了，我们进行删减整合。最后，特别需要注意的一点是，在借鉴材料中对策时候，尤其是国内外先进经验的时候，一定要注意结合自身实际情况，比如借鉴湖南韶山发展红色旅游的经验来发展江西井冈山的红色旅游，我们一定不能照搬湖南韶山的方法，一定要结合井冈山的特色，否则就要闹笑话，也无法解决井冈山的问题得不到应有的分数。

　　第二个是从原因到对策。题目要求考生提对策，说明到目前为止，事情并未得到妥善的解决。那我们答题的时候可以从材料中去找一找事情没有做好的原因是什么。把原因找到之后，从源头上进行纠正和扭转，就能得到相对应的措施，使事情得到妥善的解决。比如2010年国考(地市级)，由于《渤海碧海行动计划》只是政策性文件，不具有法律强制性效应，直接影响了治理效果。那我们发现了，渤海治理效果不佳的原因是《碧海计划》本身有问题，那我们要提高治理的效率，就可以抛弃这个政策性文件，制定一个具有法律强制性效应的文件或法律法规来指导渤海的治理，提高治理的效果。

　　第三个是从问题到对策。所有的决策都是从问题的发现开始的，明确了问题，进行决策才能有针对性，以避免无的放矢。在申论考试中，先分析具体存在哪些问题，然后根据这些问题逆推对策，以使对策具有针对性和可行性。比如，问题是“高级技工的缺乏”，拿我们就需要加大人才方面的投入，我们可以通过高效培养，可以从工厂的普通技工选拔优秀的进行短期培训，还可以从国外进行高级技工人才的引进，等等。

　　通过前面的从材料中去寻找对策，基本上可以提出3—5条对策，我们注意到，国考申论大纲在“提出和解决问题能力”中提出，“要求借助自身的实践经验或生活体验，在对给定资料理解分析的基础上，发现和界定问题，作出评估或权衡，提出解决问题的方案或措施”。也就是明示考生，在材料相关的对策提完之后，我们还可以根据自己的思考，提出对策。但是考生一定要明确，材料中的对策、与材料相关的对策，一定是最关键最容易得分的对策，自己提的对策只是锦上添花。

　　对策的五大维度

　　通过审题我们会发现，大部分对策题的答案都是两个部分，问题+对策，至于要不要写问题，需要看提干后面的“要求”。通过前面的从材料中去寻找对策，基本上可以提出3—5条对策，但是，我们注意到，国考申论大纲在“提出和解决问题能力”中提出，“要求借助自身的实践经验或生活体验，在对给定资料理解分析的基础上，发现和界定问题，作出评估或权衡，提出解决问题的方案或措施”。所谓的“借助自身的实践经验或生活体验”，也就是明示考生，材料里没有的对策，你通过自己的思考，认为它有助于题目中问题的解决，那也是可以得分的，这个在阅卷过程中叫做“酌情分”。

　　解决问题的方法是千差万别的，每个人都会有自己的想法。我们知道，申论要求我们站在政府的立场去分析问题解决问题，中国目前处于“大政府”的社会阶段，也就是说，解决问题的主体一般是政府，那么，政府解决问题一般是从以下几个维度来想办法的，分别是：制度体制机制、法律法规、执行监管、金技投入和思想观念。我们把这个称为“解决问题的五大维度”。

　　第一，制度体制机制。在现实中，出现问题的时候，经常有很多人会说“这是体制问题”，但是，大家需要注意的是，制度它是相对稳定的东西，我们不能动不动就想变革制度，比如社会主义制度，如果有人想要改变这个制度，那就是革命，那是立场问题。而体制，我们经常听到“要深化医药卫生体制改革”，也就是说，体制是可以有变化的，但一般是进行改革，而且，进行体制改革这样的语言，由考生在申论试卷上提出来是没有作用的，它必须由权威领导在大会上提出，这样才具有操作性。至于机制，它是相对动态的，可以建立，比如今年俩常听到的应急机制、预防机制、召回机制等等，我们可以进行广泛的思考。总之，制度体制机制属于比较高端的东西，考试的时候尽量少提。

　　第二，法律法规。很多事情出了问题，都是因为法律不健全，比如酒驾。考生需要注意的一点是，不能所有的对策都写健全，如果说这方面根本就没有专门的法律呢，健全什么，所以要想准确的提出对策，需要先判断此刻所处的情况。如果该领域没有相关法律法规，如网络管理，那我们就要建立和制定，如果说该领域有法律法规，但是已经不适应目前的形势，如酒驾，那我们就要健全和完善，如果说该领域有法律法规，也很完善，但是没有得到很好的执行束之高阁，那我们就应该加大执法力度，使之落到实处。总之，要认真判断目前的情况，准确使用动词，具有针对性。

　　第三，执行监管。执行的时候有不同的情况，正常情况我们应该按照规章制度办事，如果涉及到多个部分而互相推诿，就应该明晰各自职权范围，如果此项工作确实需要多个部门才能完成，那就应该部门联动通力合作。对于监管，最重要的就是监督，关于监督，有很多不同的分类，我们一般分为内部监督、外部监督以及专门监督。内部监督即党内监督、上下级之间的监督。外部监督即社会、民众、媒体的监督。专门监督即专门负责监督的部门，纪检、审计等等。三者各有利弊，结合使用。

　　第四，金技投入。俗话说“巧妇难为无米之炊”，做任何的事情都需要投入。需要注意的是，投入不只包括钱，应该包括人力物力财力以及技术多方面的投入。我们提对策的时候，一定要看清楚目前最缺乏的是什么资源，然后又针对性的提对策。比如，缺乏人才，那我们就培养、培训、引进人才，如果缺乏资金，我们就通过政府投入、金融支持、社会捐助各方面筹措资金。

　　第五，思想观念。思想观念很重要，有些时候，事情出了问题，并不是因为硬件设施不完备，而是因为思想观念出了问题。很多人认为只有群众的观念会有问题，其实不然，如果政府的观念出了问题，我们就说“政府应该自觉树立……政绩观/发展观”，如果社会、企业、民众的观念除了问题，视情节严重与否，我们应该进行宣传、引导、批评、教育等等措施，转变其错误观念。

　　需要注意的一点是，对于五大维度的使用要明确主次。我们应该在根据材料提出三五条对策之后，题目所给的格子有剩余的情况下，才考虑自己通过五大维度去提对策。通过自己的思考，分析五大维度中哪一条是有助于题目中问题解决的，自己认真写一条，希望能得到阅卷老师给的酌情分。要知道，笔试的一两分，甚至0.5分，对于是否进面试以及最终的录取结果都会起至关重要的作用，切不可轻慢忽视。

　　验证对策

　　我们认真审题明确对策题的答案是几个部分之后(一般是问题+对策两个部分)，再仔细阅读材料，通过材料中现成的对策、材料中的原因及问题三个方面提出多条对策，若题目所给的格子还有剩余，即通过“五大维度”自己提一两条填满格子，争取一些酌情分，使答案更完整分数更高。但是做完了前面的这几步之后，并没有万事大吉，只有把最后一步——验证对策的有效性做到了，整个答题的过程才算是真正的完成了。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

　　验证对策的有效性，有一定的原则，这里主要讲三个：

　　第一，对策要有针对性。所谓的针对性，就是要针对问题提对策，换句话说，你提的对策要能够解决题目里面的问题。如果说你提出来的建议对于解决之前提出的问题没有帮助，那就没有针对性，不能算作采分点，得不到分数。

　　比如，2009年国考第三大题的第二小题，某学术团体为贯彻党的十七届三中全会精神，就我国粮食问题召开研讨会，在关于解决问题对策的讨论中，有人发表了“四点对策”：其二，建议科学地分配全球粮食，近年随着全球能源供需矛盾凸显，石油价格上涨，一些国家把粮食加工生产成生物燃料。当欧美一部分人填满他们油箱的时候，很多人正为如何填饱他们的胃而苦苦挣扎，要优先满足人类最基本的需求，科学地解决全球有限粮食合理分配的问题。

　　通过分析不难发现，题目要解决的问题是我国的粮食问题，而我国粮食问题是农民种粮积极性不高，粮食产量继续提升，而学术团体给出的对策“科学地分配全球粮食”，且不论其可行性，单从针对性来说，如若科学分配全球粮食，世界上比中国缺粮的国家非常多，中国的粮食一定会被分出去，根本不可能提高中国粮食的产量。针对性很差。

　　第二，对策要有可行性。可行性最重要的就是提出的对策要具体可操作。如果考生提出一条对策“加大投入”，那肯定是不够具体的，谁来加大投入，投入到哪个方面……都不清楚，那就无法施行，不具有可操作性，可行性很低。因此，要想使提出来的对策具体可行，我们必须明确是谁来做事，目标对象是谁，到底要做什么事情，以及用什么样的方式来做，要达到什么样的目的等等。 也就是说，对策可以按照“主体+对象+内容+方式+意义”这样的方式进行扩充，在这些项目中，有些是可以省略的，比如当我们大家都默认对策的施行者是政府的时候，就不需要每条对此都写政府应该怎么做，而是直接省去，因为大家都明白。而在这些项目里面，对策的“内容和方式”是必不可少的，如若这两个部分都少了，就不能成其为一条对策了。比如“加大投入”，我们可以扩充成“政府应加大对农田水利设施建设的资金投入，以完善农村地区尤其是偏远农村的水利设施”，这样在可行性上就有了较大的改善，也能成为一条比较合乎规范的对策了。

　　第三，对策要有常识性。指的是提出的对策要合乎常识，合情、合理、合法，符合国家的法律规范，符合社会的伦理道德，符合绝大数人的认知。常识方面没有太多可说的，这个主要看考生自己的理解。比如有人提出，打击酒驾，发现酒驾，一律枪决，这个措施针对性极强，如果真能这样做，酒驾的几率绝对是无限接近零，可行性也有，枪决只是耗费几颗子弹而已，但是，符合常识吗？当然是否定的，这不合常理。比如，我国目前农民种粮积极性不高，导致粮食问题，有人提出可以提高粮价，翻倍，农民肯定想种田了。但是，从常识性来讲，粮价提高会带来众多副食产品的连环涨价，会带来连锁反应，最终导致整体物价上涨，甚至出现通货膨胀，其后果是灾难性的。所以，常识性需要每个考生自己的知识含量。当然，基本常识都有问题的人，是很难符合公务员[微博]的高要求的。

　　综上所述，如果我们提出来的对策能够基本满足针对性、可行性、常识性这三个要求，那一定是好的能够得分的答案，能够成为采分点，获得较高的分数。而我们的对策题，通过认真审题确定答案的组成部分、从材料中认真找对策、自己根据五大维度提出补充对策，最后简单判断对策的有效性，通过这四步，答案就水到渠成了。