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职称英语重点语法讲解:现在完成时

http://www.sina.com.cn   2010年11月09日 13:46   新东方在线

  1)。表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。常和just,now,already,yet,not…yet等连用。

  Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯关上了)

  I've finished my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了。(说明可以交作业或做别的了)

  2). 表示过去动作的结果,现在仍残留着。一般不用时间状语。

  I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。 (说明过去某时丢的,现在我还没找到这支笔)

  She has become a teacher. 她已经当了老师。(说明她现在仍是老师)

  II未完成用法。表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,而且还能继续下去的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。如today,this week(month),lately,recently,these days,in the past few days,during the last two weeks. since,since yesterday,since 2 days ago,since 1991,for a longtime,for a month,so far,up to now,till(until) now等。

  He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿三十年了。(现在还住在这儿)

  They've known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。(现在还继续往来)

  How long have you studied English? 你学英语多久了?(现在仍在学)

  III经验性用法 。表示从过去到现在之间曾经经历过的事情。一般译为汉语“过”,常和often,never,ever,once,twice,three times,before,since等连用。

  I have been to the Summer Palace twice. 我曾经去过颐和园两次。

  We have visited your school before. 我以前曾去过你们学校。

  (过去的经历,但现在依然记得)

  ⒊ 现在完成时的时间状语

  I现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。

  a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如:We have already finished our homework。我们已完成作业了。

  They haven't finished their homework yet。他们还没有完成作业。

  b. 用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如:

  -Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗

  -I have never been to the Great Wall。我从未去过长城。

  c. 用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如:I have seen her before,but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。

  He has been there three times the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。

  d. 用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如:now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。例如:-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't. 今天你见过他吗?我 没有。

  How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次?

  II短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用。如:come, go, arrive, reach, see,

  hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, close, fall, join, die, get up等。但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语,必须将动词改为延续性动词。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换,如:

  fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill) get to know→ know

  begin,(start)→ be on open →be open

  buy→ have get up→ be up

  die→ be dead go out→ be out

  come→ be in close→be closed

  arrive→be here join→be in, be a +名词

  finish( end )→be over leave, move →be away, be out of

  borrow →keep go to school→be a student

  catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) begin to study→study

  come back→be back put on→wear 或be on

  如:He has been a soldier for three years。他参军三年了。

  His father has been dead for two years。他父亲去世二年了。

  The film has been on for ten minutes。电影已开始十分钟了。

  We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。

  ⒋ 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

  现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。试比较:

  I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)

  I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)

  The light has gone out。灯已经息了。(现在尚未亮)

  The light gone went out。灯曾经息过。(现在已亮了)

  ⒌ 几点注意事项

  I.  have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:

  have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。如:

  They have been to Beijing twice。他们去过北京两次。

  He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。

  II. 如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:

  It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years。他父亲去世已有三年了。

  Ⅲ. 不可延续性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:

  I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。

  (错)I have received his letter for a month。

  (对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month。

  ⒍ 用于现在完成时的句型

  Ⅰ.It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。

  It is the first time that I have visited the city。

  Ⅱ.This is the… that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。

  This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

  动词时态经典例题解析:

  1. --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets。

  --- You ______ something。

  A. have left   B. are always leaving   C. are leaving   D. always left

  解析:进行时态与always, all the time等连用,表示习惯性行为,且带有浓厚的感情色彩。此处可理解为“你总是丢三落四的”。,所以这个应该选B

  2. --- I ______  so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your maths。

  --- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself。

  A. have been working; have   B. have worked; had

  C. am working; will have   D. had been working; had had

  解析:recently常与现在完成时或一般过去时连用。第二空应用一般现在时。所以这个应该选A

  3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me。

  A. are writing    B. will write      C. has written   D. write

  解析:next time引导时间状语从句,而且其谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来。所以这个应该选D

  4. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him。

  A. will speak    B. is going to speak  C. had to speak    D. was going to speak

  解析:由题意“他本来打算在会上发言,但……”可知应选D项。

  5. --- I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you。

  --- Oh, I ______ myself。

  A. am talking to  B. talked about   C. have talked to  D. was talking to

  解析:Oh, I was talking to myself。意为“噢, 我(刚才)只是在自言自语”。 所以这个应该选D

  6. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year。

  A. will play    B. have played   C. played    D. play

  解析:“乒乓球打得好”是一般情况,故用一般现在时。所以这个应该选D(来源:新东方在线)

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