Ways of Presenting Ideas and Arguments

　　引入类型

　　Types of writing

　　适用表述

　　Ways you might present this in your essay

　　1. 当作者对自己所陈述的内容非常肯定，坚定不移时

　　When the writer is very committed， even passionate， about the ideas he/she writes

　　X asserts that…

　　X strongly argues that…

　　X firmly believes that…

　　X is committed to the idea that…

　　2. 当作者引述极为具体细致的论据来论证其观点时

　　When the writer presents detailed evidence in support of his/her ideas

　　The work of X shows that…

　　X concludes that…

　　X found that…

　　X discovered that…

　　X learned that…

　　3. 当作者本身对其所引述或陈述的观点持谨慎保留的态度时

　　When the writer is quite cautious and restrained about the ideas he/she puts forward

　　Research by X indicates that…

　　X suggests that…

　　4. 当作者仅凭个人经验表达观点时

　　When the writer puts forward ideas based on their personal experiences only

　　The work of X indicates that…

　　X believes that…

　　X feels that…

　　5. 当作者引述在读者看来值得质疑的观点时

　　When the writer puts forward ideas you are rather suspicious or skeptical about

　　X claims that…

　　X believes that…

　　According to X…

　　6. 当作者非常直率地陈述观点，并辅以相当显而易见且理由充分的论据支持时

　　When the writer appears to report something in a straight-forward way， backed up with apparently good reasons for the ideas presented

　　X states that…

　　X reports that…

　　X notes that…

　　X found that…

　　X observes that…

　　X concludes that…

　　As X points out， …

　　X has drawn attention to the fact that…

　　X argues that…

　　以上就是关于托福[微博]写作中可以取代said的各种用法，考生需要在托福写作中运用一些新词新说法，避免雷同单调。