高教自考英语二完整讲义：第二章精讲(二)

　　Text B　Worlds within Worlds

　　New Words

　　1.planet n.行星

　　2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转

　　3.solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的

　　4.largely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地

　　5.glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁

　　n.闪光

　　6.cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的

　　7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的

　　8.astronaut n.宇航员

　　9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的

　　10.outer a.外部的

　　11.whereas conj.而，却；反之

　　12.lesser a.较小的，更少的，次要的

　　13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的

　　14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的

　　15.whilst conj.1.当…时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管

　　16.plateau （[复]plateaus或plateaux） n.高原

　　17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的

　　18.coloured a.有色的

　　19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰

　　20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇

　　Phrases and Expressions

　　1.a great many 很多

　　2.above all 首先，首要

　　3.as a rule 通常；一般说来

　　together with 和

　　First of all let us consider the earth （that is to say， the world） as a planet revolving round the sun.The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.These nine planets， together with the sun， make up what is called our solar systems.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space， and one of the smallest.

　　The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more of less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.About our own solar system， however， we are learning more every day.

　　Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away， but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.The moon， by the way， is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.In our words， it goes round the sun with our earth.

　　The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.Let us consider the water areas first.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.The very large separate areas of water are called “oceans” and the lesser areas are called “seas.”

　　In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a “current.” There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas， but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.There currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.

　　The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst， in other areas， most of the surface consists of plains.If one made a journey over the Continents one world find every kind of surface including mountain ranges， plains， plateaux， deserts， tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.

　　When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary great many different people ― peoples with different coloured skins， living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion， government， education and social behaviour.

　　The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people ， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves.

　　词汇讲解：

　　1.revolve v.旋转，绕转

　　The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

　　2.solar adj.太阳的，日光的，利用太阳光的 例：the solar system 太阳系

　　3.whereas ： conj.而，却，反之

　　He must be about sixty， whereas his wife looks about thirty.他一定有60岁了，而他的妻子看起来只有30岁。

　　You eat a massive plate of food for lunch， whereas I have just a sandwich.你中午吃了一大盘食物，而我只吃了个三明治。

　　4.concerned ： 有关的，关心的，担心的

　　I was quite a shock for all concerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊。

　　Her job is something concerned with English.她的工作和英语有关。

　　5.tropical adj.热带的，炎热的

　　I'd love to live somewhere with a tropical climate.

　　我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方

　　August was almost tropical this year.今年八月十分炎热

　　6.circumstance n.环境，情况，境遇

　　We can't decide until we know all the circumstances.

　　我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定。

　　词组

　　1.a great many ， a good many 很多 （ 后边加可数名词）

　　2.above all ： 最重要的，尤其；首先

　　Above all ， don't forget to write.最重要的是别忘了写信。

　　In choosing the curtain for a room， you should consider the material from the point of view of texture， its weight， its pattern - but its colour above all .在挑选房间窗帘面料时，你应该考虑质地、重量和图案等，但最重要的是颜色。

　　3.as a rule ： 在多数情况下，通常，一般而言 = usually

　　As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六点前在家。

　　As a rule， I only read detective novels.通常我只读侦探小说。

　　4.together with ： 和，连同

　　These new facts， together with the other evidence， prove the prisoner's innocence.这些新的事实连同其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜。

　　John， together with his brother， has gone to the party.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了。

　　注意together with 作插入语时，句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语。

　　重点句子：

　　1.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.

　　which 引导定语从句

　　so… that…结果状语从句中it为形式主语

　　2.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.

　　which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the moon

　　vegetation 植物

　　whereas = while 然而

　　alive意为“有活力的”，在句中作表语。类似的形容词还有afraid， alone， alike， asleep， awake， aware等

　　in every respect 在每一个方面

　　3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction － that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.

　　to be flowing不定式作主语补语

　　concerned 是分词作定语，修饰the ocean or sea

　　4.There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas ，but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.

　　Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数

　　Eg.Hundreds of meters

　　此处waters指的是“大片的水，水域”

　　peoples 表示人种

　　woods 表示森林，树木

　　5.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.

　　三个定语从句，由under which 和 两个in which 引导，

　　第一个：under which different people live 修饰 circumstances

　　第二个：in which they live 修饰 the way

　　第三个：in which we live 修饰 the way

　　ought to = should 应该

　　business 责任，业务

　　it是形式主语，真正主语是to try to understand those different circumstances

　　目的状语从句，由so that引导

　　other lands 其它国家

　　6.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.

　　注意动词 avoid 后接动名词作宾语

　　decide 判定

　　what 引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语

　　they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰lives

　　7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves.

　　注意 the more …， the better…， the better … 比较结构

　　Unit 2 补充语法知识

　　that 与 which引导定语从句的异同点 ：

　　that不可引导非限制性定语从句 which可引导非限制性定语从句

　　that 不可用作介词宾语 which可用作介词宾语 介词+ which

　　in that “在于”， 是复合连词，非介词宾语

　　that 可以用于指代人或物 which不可以用于指代人

　　当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时，只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句

　　比如everything， anything， first， second等

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