阅读理解：解题类型与真题解析

　　 3.解题类型与真题解析

　　3.1 主旨题

　　1. 主题思想题在考试中出现的频率较高，因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea , topic, theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种：

　　What is the main idea of the passage?

　　Which of the following would be the best title?

　　What’s the best title for the passage?

　　The main idea of the passage is that _____.

　　This passage tells us _____.

　　Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

　　What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　做这类题时常用略读法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去过分注意细节事实，否则会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的结果。通常的办法是，快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句。英文文章各段主题句常放在段首，有时也放在段尾或段落中间，有时不明确写出，通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来，一般就能得出文章主题。

　　就整篇文章来讲，首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要。下面以2002年和2003年的真题为例做一下解析。

　　Passage A

　　In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches. In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor's degree. Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.

　　One type of test is sometimes called an "objective" test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who have not learned the material properly.

　　2. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that_________.

　　A. workers now take examination

　　B. the population has grown

　　C. there are only written exams

　　D. examinations are now written and timed

　　【答案】D。第三段一开始就谈到“一般来讲，现在的考试都是笔试；”随后又谈到“所有的考生在一个房间，规定时间，有监考老师。”所以D是正确答案。

　　Passage B

　　After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day. The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day. There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other. Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream. Scientists who study sleep state that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly (although your eyelids are closed). This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.

　　If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believed that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!

　　1. A good title for this passage is_____.

　　A. Sleep B. Good Health

　　C. Dreams D Work and Rest

　　【答案】A，主旨题。第一段的主题句是Sleep is necessary for good health.接下来第二段描述了睡眠的四个阶段；第三段说的是睡眠中的快速动眼阶段；最后一段告诉你失眠了该怎么办。本文的四段全与Sleep有关，因此答案为A。

　　3.2 信息题

　　信息题由主要事实和细节题组成，就是我们平时所说的由who ,what ,where ,when , why ,which ,how引出的问题。这是极为常见的阅读理解题。这类题主要是针对论证支持主题的事实或例证设题，可能涉及数学计算、概念理解以及是非判断等。

　　这类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行细读，找出问题答案。这类题提问的形式多种多样，常见的有以下几种：

　　Which of the following (statements) is Not mentioned in the passage?

　　According to the passage，which of the following statements is true?

　　According to the passage, all of the following are true except _____

　　How many…？

　　What…?

　　Why…?

　　解这类题时，审题是关键，首先一定得看清问题。比如一句结论性的话后边到底是…is true,还是is not true。另外，由于细节题比较容易，有时为了增加测试难度，命题人员在题干或选项中要增加一些文字或意义上的干扰。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案。下面以2002年和2003年的真题为例做一下解析。

　　Passage A

　　On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.

　　It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked, "I have failed again." On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, "That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed."

　　Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.

　　Today, every American school child learns Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.

　　11. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln was_________.

　　A. very critical　 B. unpopular

　　C. very popular　　D. very courteous

　　【答案】B。答案可以在第一段的第四句话找到：“He was not at all popular.”此题干扰项为A。“critical”指“挑剔的，苛刻的”。not at all popular=unpopular。

　　12. Lincoln was invited to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery because he was _______

　　A. a famous speaker B. a very handsome man

　　C. president of the country D. a popular statesman

　　【答案】C。答案在第一段“He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness.”当时林肯一点也不受欢迎，他被邀请去演讲仅仅上出于礼貌。”因为他是总统。

　　14. It was a fact that Lincoln's speech was _________.

　　A. an immediate success　B. warmly applauded　

　　C. a total failure D. not well-received at first

　　【答案】D。答案可以在文章的第二段找到。“At the end there was little applause.”最后几乎没有什么掌声。所以他的演讲开始没有被大家接受，D为正确答案。A，B，C均不符合文章的内容。

　　15. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

　　A. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.

　　B. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is simple in style.

　　C. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American school child.

　　D. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United Stats.

　　【答案】D。答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到。“他的演讲含义深刻、风格简朴；如今美国所有的在校的学生都能背诵他的演讲；”文章又谈到：“现在所有的人都认为他的演讲是美国历史上最好的演讲之一。”而不是美国最好的演讲。所以D是错误的。

　　Passage B

　　Too often young people get themselves employed quite by accident, not knowing what lies in the way of opportunity for promotion, happiness and security. As a result, they are employed doing jobs that afford them little or no satisfaction. (80) Our school leavers face so much competition that they seldom care what they do as long as they can earn a living. Some stay long at a job and learn to like it; others quit from one to another looking for something to suit them. The young graduates who leave the university look for jobs that offer a salary up to their expectation.

　　Very few go out into the world knowing exactly what they want and realizing their own abilities. The reason behind all this confusion is that there never has been a proper vocational guidance in our educational institution. Nearly all grope (摸索)in the dark and their chief concern when they look for a job is to ask what salary is like. They never bother to think whether they are suited for the job or, even more important, whether the job suits them. Having a job is more than merely providing yourself and your dependants with daily bread and some money for leisure and entertainment. It sets a pattern of life and, in many ways, determines social status in life, selection of friends, leisure and interest.

　　In choosing a career you should first consider the type of work which will suit your interest. Nothing is more pathetic than taking on a job in which you have no interest, for it will not only discourage your desire to succeed in life but also ruin your talents and ultimately make you an emotional wreck (受到严重伤害的人) and a bitter person.

　　11. The reason why some people are unlikely to succeed in life is that they

　　A. have ruined their talents B. have taken on an unsuitable job

　　C. think of nothing but their salary D. are not aware of their own potential

　　【答案】B。第一段的主题句很清楚地告诉我们。有些年轻人是很偶然才找到工作的，因此他们在工作中很少或基本不能够获得满足感。由此可知，他们不太可能成功的原因是他们没有找到合适的工作。

　　12. The difficulty in choosing a suitable job lies mainly in that_____.

　　A. much competition has to be faced

　　B. many employees have no working experience

　　C. the young people only care about how much they can earn

　　D. schools fail to offer students appropriate vocational guidance

　　【答案】D。第二段中“The reason behind all this confusion is that there never has been a proper vocational guidance in our educational institution.”告诉我们，大学毕业之所以在找工作时有很多误区，原因主要在于学校未能够提供就业方面的指导和培训。

　　13. Which of the following statements is most important according to the passage?

　　A. Your job must suit your interest.

　　B. Your job must set a pattern of life.

　　C. Your job must offer you a high salary.

　　D. Your job must not ruin your talents.

　　【答案】A。第三段的首句“In choosing a career you should first consider the type of work which will suit your interest”中的“first”与题干中的“the most important”相吻合。

　　3.3 推理题

　　推理性试题大多含有infer ,imply ,suggest ,conclude,(most)probably等关键词。以下是一些常见的提问方式：

　　It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

　　The passage implies that _____.

　　The passage suggests that _____.

　　What is implied in the passage?

　　The paragraph following(proceeding)this passage probably will discuss (discusses)_____.

　　推理性试题不能从文章中直接找到答案。解这类题需要考生在正确理解原文语言字面意义的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法去理解文章字里行间的意义。对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析，摸清它们相互之间时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系，在此基础上进行综合推理，选定答案。

　　我们先以上文所引试题中的与林肯有关的阅读理解文章为例。

　　13. It can be inferred from the text that_________.

　　A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to Gettysburg

　　B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn't have much time to prepare his speech

　　C. Lincoln's speech was full of rich words

　　D. Lincoln's speech was very long

　　【答案】B。推断题。答案在文章的第二段的开始可以找到。“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech.”“据说林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火车上准备他的演讲的。那天深夜，在宾馆的房间里，他既孤独又疲倦，只是简单准备了一下。”所以通过这些句子我们可以判断林肯非常的忙，没有更多的时间准备他的演讲，B是正确答案。A,C,D,均不符合文章的内容。

　　下面我们再来看一段例文

　　Passage A

　　Advertisement can be thought of “as the means of making known in order to buy or sell goods or services”. Advertisement aims to increase people’s awareness and arouse interest. It tries to inform and to persuade. The media are all used to spread the message. The press offers a fairly cheap method, and magazines are used to reach special sections of the market. The cinema and commercial radio are useful for local market. Television, although more expensive, can be very effective. Public notices are fairly cheap and more permanent in their power of attraction. Other ways of increasing consumer interest are through exhibitions and trade fairs as well as direct mail advertisement.

　　There can be no doubt that the growth in advertisement is one of the most striking features of the western world in this century. Many businesses such as those handling frozen foods, liquor, tobacco and medicines have been built up largely by advertisement.

　　We might ask whether the cost of advertisement is paid for by the producer or by the customer. Since advertisement forms part of the cost of production, which has to be covered by the selling price, it is clear that it is the customer who pays for advertisement. However, if large scale advertisement leads to increased demand, production costs are reduced, and the customer pays less。

　　It is difficult to measure exactly the influence of advertisement on sales. When the market is growing, advertisement helps to increase demand. When the market is shrinking, advertisement may prevent a bigger fall in sales than would occur without its support. What is clear is that businesses would not pay large sums for advertisement if they were not convinced of its value to them.

　　5. From the last sentence of this passage we conclude that _________

　　A. businesses usually do not pay much for advertisement

　　B. businessmen know well that advertisement could bring them more profits

　　C. advertisement could hardly convince people of the value of the goods

　　D. advertisement usually cost businesses large amounts of money

　　【答案】B。推断题。文章最后一句话的意思是“很明显，如果商家对产品的利润没有把握的话，是不会花很多钱投资广告的。”反过来说，商家非常清楚广告会给他带来更大的利润。因此B是正确答案。

　　3.4 词汇题

　　词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词、某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型。其中所询问的词、词组或句子，往往不为考生所熟悉，但又能在文中找到线索进行推测，所以这类考题是检查考生是否具备根据一个词、词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力。

　　这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种：

　　The word“…”in line 5 refers to…....

　　The word“…”(Line 6. para.2) most probably means _____.

　　By“…”, the author means _____.

　　The word“…”could best be replaced by which of the following?

　　Which of the following is nearest in meaning to“…”?

　　In para.2, the sentence “…”probably means“…”.

　　解答这类试题时，考生应首先明白，任何词或词语都不是孤立的，它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。某个定义、解释、甚至标点符号、关联词都可以帮助考生推测一些词或词语的意义，除此之外，我们还必须注意所测试的词或词语与其前后一些词形成的同义、反义、并列和指代等关系。

　　(2003年11月)

　　In choosing a career you should first consider the type of work which will suit your interest. Nothing is more pathetic than taking on a job in which you have no interest, for it will not only discourage your desire to succeed in life but also ruin your talents and ultimately make you an emotional wreck (受到严重伤害的人) and a bitter person.

　　15. The word “pathetic” in Paragraph 2 most probably means____.

　　A. splendid B. miserable C. disgusted D. touching

　　【答案】B，词汇题。根据“than taking on a job in which you have no interest。”我们可以推断pathetic应该是表示贬义，因此答案只能从B和C中选择；其次，根据后面的两个动词“discourage”和“ruin”我们就确定了答案B。“pathetic”此处为“糟糕的，差劲的”之意。

　　(2003年11月)

　　If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believed that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!

　　2. The word “drowsy” in the last paragraph means____.

　　A. sick B. stand up C. asleep D. a little sleepy

　　【答案】D，词汇题。根据上下文，如果你难以入睡，有人建议你做缓慢的深呼吸；有人认为喝热牛奶能过帮助你入睡。因此答案应该从C和D中进行二选一。“asleep”指的是“睡着了”而“sleepy”是指的“欲睡的，困乏的”。最后确定答案为D。

　　以下介绍几种通过上下文推断词义的行之有效的方法.

　　1、标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索，因为有些词的定义是通过标点符号，如破折号，括号，冒号等来完成的.如:

　　Sometimes we work on night shift—— from 11:30 p. m to 7:30 a. m

　　从破折号后的说明，我们可以断定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。

　　2、有些信号词如：is called, means, that is, is, or, define as, refer to 等通常是针对某一词汇的定义、解释或说明。如：

　　One sort of crimes which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency，that is, crimes committed by young people.

　　从that is的解释来看，我们可以断定“juvenile delinquency”即“青少年犯罪”。

　　3、举例可以帮助我们理解词义。对于有些重要的词汇，作者常在词后自带解释或例子。因此，根据例子可猜出词义。如：

　　You may select any of these periodicals ：Time Magazine, Newsweek, Reader′s Digest or The New Yorker.

　　从后边列举的时代周刊、新闻周刊等流行期刊，我们可以断定“periodical”即“期刊杂志”。

　　4、靠形成反差、对照的词或词组猜出词义。常见的这些词或词组有while, whereas, unlike, but, yet, although, however, in contrast, on the other hand, rather than等。如：

　　Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time。

　　文章的while作“而，却”解，由此我们可以断定“reticent”作“沉默寡言的”解。

　　5、凭借常识和经验猜测词义。如：

　　The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.

　　只要你知道so that这个结构，凭借常识就应猜出“lintel”的意思是“过梁，上门梁”。

　　6、根据构词法来猜测词义。熟悉英语词汇的构词法，特别是派生词的构成方法及词义，可以帮助我们在阅读过程中有效地猜测词义，提高阅读速度，准确答题。

　　考生应特别注意英语词缀的某些特点。如，一般来说前缀只增加或改变一个词的意义，但并不改变其词性。例如：supermarket(超市)，foretell (预言)，dissatisfied(不满意的)uncomfortably(不舒服地)等。而后缀不但可以增加或改变一个词的意义，而且改变其词性。如washable变动词“洗”为形容词“可洗的”，normalize变形容词“正常的”为动词“使…正常化”，beginner变动词“开始”为名词“初学者”，childless则由名词“小孩”变为形容词“无子女的”。只要知道词根的意义，又熟悉前缀和后缀表示的意义，就不难判断这些词的词义。

　　这一部分内容在本书第六部分词汇中新增加的构词法一节将有更加系统完整的讲解，考生可将两者结合起来复习备考。

　　3.5 态度题

　　作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。这种题型常见的提问形式有：

　　The author seems _____.

　　The author’s tone in this passage is _____.

　　The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____.

　　The author’s intention in writing the passage is to _____.

　　The writer probably feels that _____.

　　In the author’s opinion, _____.

　　这类考题中，询问语气态度的题，选择项里常出现以下一些重要的词：

　　sympathetic同情的，enthusiastic热情的，delighted愉快的，satisfied满意的，friendly友好的，agreeing赞同的, optimistic乐观的；

　　objective客观的，matter-of-fact实事求是的，neutral中立的；

　　subjective主观的，indifferent冷淡的，critical批评的，doubtful怀疑的，disappointed失望的，sad悲伤的，hostile敌对的，disagreeing反对的，pessimistic悲观的。

　　询问写作目的的题，选择项里常出现的词是：

　　explain解释；persuade劝说；comment评论；criticize批评；interest引起…的注意或兴趣；entertain使欢乐；argue辩论；demonstrate举例说明，示范；tell讲述；prove证明；urge激动；advise劝告；analyze分析；praise赞扬，view看待,等等。

　　我们以2004年4月的两道试题为例说明。

　　Passage A

　　A youngster's social development has a profound effect on his academic progress Kids who have trouble getting along with their classmates can end up behind academically as well and have a higher chance of dropping out(退学). In the early grades especially, experts say, youngsters should be encouraged to work in groups rather than individually so that teachers can spot children who may be having problems making friends."When children work on a project", says Lillian Kate, an educational professor at the University &Illinois, "they learn to work together, to disagree, to think, to take turns and lighten tensions. These skills can't be learned through lecture. We all know people who have wonderful technical skills but don't have any social skills. Relationships should be the first.

　　At a certain age, children are also learning to judge themselves in relation to others. For most children, school marks the first time that their goals are not set by an internal clock but by the outside world. Just as the 1-year-old struggles to walk, the 6-year-old is struggling to meet adult expectations. "Young kids don't know how to distinguish early-childhood education for the state of New Jersey." If they try hard to do something and fail they may conclude that they will never be able to accomplish a particular task". "The effects of serious", says Hills, "a child who has had his confidence really damaged needs a rescue operation".

　　4. Which of the following is most unlikely for the author to do?

　　A. To talk to the students who have mental problems.

　　B. To help students develop a feeling of self-respect.

　　C. To keep a student from playing alone.

　　D. To announce a student’s scores in public.

　　【答案】D。答案在第二段最后一句话：“The effects of obvious methods of comparison such as posting grades can be serious. A child who has had his confidence really damaged needs a rescue operation.”明显的对比分数的做法的后果是相当严重的.自尊心受到伤害的学生需要医治.因此作者最不愿做的事情是公开学生的成绩.D为正确答案。

　　Passage B

　　How can we get rid of garbage(垃圾)? Do we have enough energy sources to meet our future energy needs?

　　These are two important questions that many people are asking today. Some people think that man might be able to solve both problems at the same time. They suggest using garbage as an energy source, and at the time it can save the land to hold garbage.

　　For a long time, people buried garbage or dumped(倾倒)it on empty land. Now, empty land is scarce. But more and more garbage is produced each year. However, garbage can be a good fuel to use. The things in garbage do not look like coal, petroleum, or natural gas; but they are chemically similar to these fossil(化石)fuels. As we use up our fossil-fuel supplies, we might be able to use garbage as an energy source.

　　Burning garbage is not a new idea. Some cities in Europe and the United States have been burning garbage for years. The heat that is produced by burning garbage is used to boil water. The steam that is produced is used to make electricity or to heat nearby buildings. In Paris, France, some power plants burn almost 2 million metric tons of the cities garbage each year. The amount of energy produced is about the same as would be produced by burning almost a half million barrels of oil.

　　Our fossil fuel supplies are limited. Burning garbage might be one kind of energy source that we can use to help meet our energy needs. This method could also reduce the amount if garbage piling up on the earth.

　　14. What is the author’s attitude?

　　A. DelightedB. SadC. AgreeingD. Disagreeing

　　【答案】C。作者在第三段细数燃烧垃圾的种种好处，如可以烧水、发电、供暖等等。并举巴黎为例说明通过燃烧垃圾来提供

能源的方式不逊于燃烧燃料。可见作者是赞成燃烧垃圾这一方式的。

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