这是竹子准备考试过程中自认为的精华部分，(自己整理总结的东西)献给PAISLEY和寄托天下的gters，希望能对大家有用。

　　Argument提纲

　　一.开头部分In this argument, the arguer concludes that…To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer assumes that / reasons that / cites the example of / cites the result of a recent study that…A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.

　　二.论证驳斥部分First of all, the argument is based on a false analogy. / The arguer simply assumes that…but he does not provide any evidence that…are indeed comparable. / As we know,…differ conspicuously. / It is true that both…but even here exist fundamental differences:…/ Therefore, even though…proved effective in doing…there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…// As a result, A and B do not establish a warranted analogy. So we cannot safely assume that (两者无法比) ** The author unfairly assumes that A bears some relation to B. / However, the author provides no evidence to support that this is the case, nor does the author establish a causal relationship between A and B. / It is highly possible that other factors might contribute to the B/change/progress. / For example,…It is also likely B just resulted from…/ Lacking evidence that links A to B, it is presumptuous to suggest that A was responsible for B. (无法建立必然的因果关系) ** The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. / One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. / Based on a specific example of…, it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all…/ In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. / Unless it can be shown that…is representative of all…, the conclusion that…is completely unwarranted. (单个事例不能说明整体问题) ** By concluding that sb must do A or must do B, the author commits a fallacy of“false dilemma”. / The author assumes that A and B are the only available solutions to the problem. / However, it is possible that other factors might also contribute to the problem. For example,…/ If so, just doing A and B would not solve the problem. (还有其他原因)

　　In addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. / Even if…, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that…/ It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to B…/ For instance,…/ Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning…/ Unless…, which is unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that…// Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that…(结论得出过早，考虑不周到)

　　** The arguer assumes that just because one event follows another, the second event has been caused by the first. / However, no evidence is provided to support that this is the case. / The mere fact that A occurs before B does not necessarily establish a causal relationship between A and B. / It is highly possible that other factors might also bring about these same results. / For instance,…In addition,…/ Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that…

　　** The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of doing sth are available. / However, the arguer fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. It is highly possible that means other than this would better solve the problem. / Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of doing sth, the author cannot confidently conclude that…

　　** The arguer assumes the characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group. / The conclusion that…is based on the assumption that…/ However, there is no guarantee that this is the case, nor does the author provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption. It is very likely that…/ Lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion. (整体规律不一定适用于个人)

　　** It is assumed without justification that background conditions have remained the same at different times / conditions. / The arguer unfairly infer from…in the past that…/ However, he/she fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this inference. It is very likely that…, or that…/ Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that…(从过去不能推知现在和将来)

　　Finally, the arguer provides no assurances that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. / Lacking information about the number of…surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the results. /For example, if…were surveyed but only…responded, the conclusion that…would be highly suspected. / Another problem is the representativeness of the respondents. Were they representative of all the…? Were…chosen for the survey chosen randomly or did they volunteer for the survey?…/ Lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion based on the study.

　　三.结尾部分In summary, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. To make it more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning…/ provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of…To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding…

　　Issue模版

　　第一段Determining whether something should or should not be done could be weighed in many aspects. Different people have different answers due to their respective point of view. On balance, my view is that the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of the two situations. / In my point of view, I agree with the speaker on the grounds that…/ At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat appealing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons.

　　第二段**同意The first and foremost reason why I support / agree with above statement is that…There is also a further ? more subtle ? point to consider.

　　**反对Although at first glance these arguments sound reasonable and appealing, they are not borne out by a careful consideration. The undeniable deficiency in above arguments is that they are negligent of the bare fact that...

　　第三段In conclusion, it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole, thus becoming more persuasive than anyone of them. So, any thinking person must believe that…