| 14：AN EXAMPLE OF THE EXCELLENT DEBATE |
| http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/11/16 23:36 中图读者俱乐部 |
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最佳辩论范例 为使同学们能在较短时间内迅速提高口语问答、讨论、阐述、争辩、质疑等方面的实战水平，我精心选编了一套精彩绝伦的口语辩论内容，即美国前总统乔治·布什与民主党议员(时任马萨诸塞州州长)迈克尔·杜卡基斯当年竞选美国总统时的电视辩论。辩论主题涉及犯罪与死刑、副总统人选、税收与预算、社会保障、价值观、军费预算、当代英雄、家庭观念、堕胎问题等等十分敏感又切中要害的主题。我选取其中的片段，希望同学们可以从中学习他们口若悬河、妙语联珠、思维缜密、滴水不漏的雄辩口才。 好好地磨练一下你的sense of occasion(随机应变的适应能力)吧！
THE U.S. PRESIDENTIAL TV DEBATE
辩论双方背景介绍 辩论双方辩论的目的在于竞选下一届总统职位。在里根八年执政期间，美国经历了长达6年多的战后和平时期最长的经济发展期。通货膨胀连续两年保持在4.4%的低水平。但是联邦财政赤字居高不下，吸毒问题成为严重的社会问题。 乔治·布什 时任里根政府副总统。曾在第二次世界大战中任海军航空兵飞行员，多次驾机参战，屡建战功。退役后考入耶鲁大学经济学系，学习成绩优秀，获学士学位。毕业后入得克萨斯州石油钻探公司，通过白手起家，数年内成为百万富翁。后弃商从政，曾任美国驻联合国首席代表。20世纪70年代中美关系好转后任驻北京联络处主任等职位。布什处事谨慎、冷静，行政、外交经验丰富。在政治方面属共和党内“温和保守派”(其子小乔治·布什现为美国总统)。 布什以里根政府副总统身份竞选下届总统，既要继承里根的大政方针，又想极力走出里根的阴影，提出解决财政赤字和毒品问题的有效方法。 他曾倡议“千点之光”计划。他说：I have spoken of a“thousand points of light”- of all the community organizations that are spread like stars throughout the nation, doing good. They are timeless, sacrifice, commitment, and a patriotism that finds its expression in taking part and pitching in. (我说过“千点之光”--像繁星一样遍布全国做善事的组织。职责、牺牲、义务以及以亲身参加和努力工作表现出来的爱国之心是永不过时的。) And I do not mistrust the future; I do not fear what is ahead. For our problems are large, but our heart is larger, our challenges are great, but our will is greater.(我并非不信任未来；我并不害怕面临的问题。我们的问题很多，但我们的内心更博大。我们面临的挑战很严峻，但我们的意志更强大。) I see history as a book with many pages-and each day we fill a page with acts of hopefulness and meaning.(历史是一本有很多页的书，我们每天都用有希望、有意义的行动来撰写每一页历史。) 迈克尔·杜卡基斯 美籍希腊裔人。曾进医学院学习，六年后以优异成绩毕业，后在韩国服兵役。两年后进入哈佛法学院攻读法律，毕业后作律师。后当选为马萨诸塞州(布什出生地)州长，连选连任。 杜卡基斯任州长期间，利用该州高校智力优势，对产业结构进行改造，将重工业转型为高技术产业，创造了美国经济的新奇迹。他还严格制定税收法规，连续十年使州财政收支平衡。并且制订了马萨诸塞州保健法，使该州公民都能享受医疗保障制度。 杜卡基斯强调要以稳步地、逐渐地减少赤字作为目标。 他说过： We need a chief executive who’s prepared to lead, but will lead, will bring down that deficit, will make tough choices on spending, will go out and do the job that we expect of him and do with it the Congress of United States.(我们需要一位具备领导才干的行政首脑，他将能够起领导作用，他将能削减赤字，他将能严格控制开支，他将能做我们期望他做的工作，他将能和国会合作共事。) So I hope and expect that I’ll be liked by the people of this country. I think it’s important to be somebody who’s willing to make those tough choices.(所以我期望并企盼能被国民所喜欢。我认为一个愿意去解决棘手问题的人是至关重要的。) 现场辩论 主持人一开始便用咄咄逼人的口气询问杜卡基斯：“假如你的夫人被奸杀，你会赞成对杀人犯施行死刑吗？”目的在于促使杜卡基斯(一向反对死刑)阐述反对死刑的观点。 【请记住：对现在不可能发生的假设要用虚拟语气：if +过去式，would +动词原形；询问赞成与否常用：Would you favor...?】 Mr. SHAW(主持人)：...Governor(州长，指杜卡基斯)，if Kitty Dukakis(杜卡基斯的妻子)were raped(强奸)and murdered, would you favor an irrevocable death penalty(死刑)for the killer? Mr. DUKAKIS: No, I dont, Bernard, and I think you know that I’ve opposed the death penalty during all of my life. I don’t see any evidence that it’s a deterrent, and I think there are better and more effective ways to deal with violent crimes (暴力犯罪).We’ve done so in my own state, and it’s one of the reasons why we have had the biggest drop in crime of any industrial state in America, why we have the lowest murder rate of any industrial state in America. 【陈述观点：I think you know that I’ve opposed...我认为你知道，我一直反对……Its one of the reasons why...这就是为什么……】 But we have work to do in this nation; we have work to do to fight a real war and not a phony(假的，不真实的)war against drugs. And that’s something that I want to lead, something we haven’t had over the course of the past many years, even though the Vice President has been, at least allegedly(宣称地)，in charge of that war. We have much to do to step up(促进)that war, to double the number of drug enforcement agents, to fight both here and abroad, to work with our neighbors in this hemisphere. And I want to call a hemispheric summit just as soon after the 20th of January as possible to fight that war. 【为了进一步阐明具体观点，杜卡基斯使用了：We have work to do... That’s something that I want to ... We have much to do... I want to do ...】 But we also have to deal with drug education and prevention here at home. And that’s one of the things that I hope I can lead personally as the president of the United States. We’ve had great success in my own state, and we’ve reached out to young people and their families and been able to help them by beginning drug education and prevention in the early elementary grades. 【在阐述完此观点后，杜卡基斯用了：So we can do...】 So we can fight this war and we can win this war, and we can do so in a way that marshals our forces, that provides real support for state and local law enforcement officers who have not been getting that kind of support, do it in a way which will bring down violence in this nation, will help our youngsters to stay away from drugs, will stop this avalanche(如雪山崩般倾泻而下)of drugs that’s pouringsintosthe country, and will make it possible for our kids and our families to grow up in safe and secure and decent neighborhoods. Mr. SHAW: Mr. Vice President, your oneminute rebuttal(反驳). Mr. BUSH: Well, a lot of what this campaign is about, it seems to me, Bernie, is to a question of values. And here, I do have, on this particular question, a big difference with my opponent. You see, I do believe that some crimes are so heinous(罪行穷凶极恶的)，so brutal(残忍的)，so outrageous(暴虐无耻的)- and I’d say particularly those that result in the death of a police officer - those real brutal crimes, I do believe in the death penalty. And I think it is a deterrent. And I believe we need it, and I’m glad that the Congress moved on this drug bill, and it finally called for that, related to these necrotics drug kingpins. And so, we just have an honest difference of opinion. I support it, and he doesn’t. 【真可谓雄辩的口才，无可否认的事实。轮到布什反驳了。对于对手的连珠炮，布什选择“一言以蔽之”：A lot of what... is about, it seems to me, is to a question of...(在我看来，对于……的许多方面，是……的问题。)然后表示不同观点：I have a difference with my opponent.(我与对方观点不同。) I do believe in ....(我的确相信……) I’m glad that ... 最后布什说：And so, we just have an honest difference of opinion.(由此看来，我们有着明显不同的观点。)】 Mr. SHAW: Now, to you, Vice President Bush. I quote to you this from ArticleⅢof the 20th Amendment of the Constitution: Quote,“if, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President,”meaning, if you are elected and die before inauguration Day- 【主持人不愧为“名嘴”，又提出一种假设，意在迫使布什评价其竞选搭档丹·奎尔。 请记住这个句式： What have you to say about that possibility? 你对这种可能性要说些什么？】 Mr. BUSH: Bernie! Mr. SHAW: Automatically, automatically, Dan Quayle would become the 41st President of the United States. What have you to say about that possibility? Mr. BUSH: Id have confidence in him, and I made a good selection. And I’ve never seen such a pounding, an unfair pounding, on a young senator in my entire life. And I’ve never seen a presidential campaignswheresthe presidential nominee runs against my Vice Presidential nominee - never seen before. You know, Lloyd Bentsen(杜卡基斯提名的副总统候选人)jumped on Dan Quayle when Dan Quayle said he’s had roughly the same amount of experience. He had two terms in the Congress; he had two terms in the Senate, serving his second term. He founded the - authored the Job Training Partnership Act(职业培训协作法案)that says to American working men and women that are thrown out of work for no fault of their own, that they’re going to have jobs. We’re movingsintosa new, competitive age, and we need that kind of thing. He, unlike my opponent, is an expert in national defense, helped amend the INF Treaty(中程核武器条约)，so we got a good, sound treaty which these people over here were talking about a freeze. If we’d listened to them, we would never have had a treaty. 【从布什的这段辩解中我们可以学到很多有用的句式，并了解到美国人的思维逻辑表达方法。启、承、转、合，层层推进。主题句(启)直入主题：I’d have confidence in him, and I made a good selection. 转折句：I’d never seen... 扩展句--列举事实，说明主题 He founded... He is an expert in...】 And so I have great confidence in him and he’s–it’s turning around. You know, the American people are fair. They don’t like it when there’s an unfair pounding and kind of hooting about people. They want to judge it on the record itself. And so I’m proud of my choice. And, you know, I don’t think age is the only criterion. But I’ll tell you something, I’m proud that people that are 30 years old and 40 years old now have someone in their generation that is going to be Vice President of the United States of America. I made a good selection. The American people are seeing it and I’m proud of it. That’s what I’d say. And he could do the job. 【总结句--重复主题And so I have great confidence in him... I made a good selection. ...That’s what I’d say. And he could do the job.】 Mr. SHAW: Governor Dukakis, your oneminute rebuttal. Mr. DUKAKIS: Bernard, this was the first presidential decision that we, as nominees, were called upon to make and thats why people are so concerned because it was an opportunity for us to demonstrate what we were looking for in a running mate. More than that, it was the first national security decision that we had to make. 【该轮到杜卡基斯反驳了。针对布什指责他们攻击丹·奎尔一点，杜卡基斯避实就虚迎合选民心理。 核心句式：This was the first...and that’s why people are so concerned because it was an opportunity for us to demonstrate...More than that, it was the first...】 The Vice President talks about national security. Three times since World WarⅡ, the Vice President has had to suddenly become the president and Commander-in-Chief. I picked Lloyd Bentsen because I thought he was the best-qualified person for the job. Mr. Bush picked Dan Quayle and, before he did it, he said,“Watch my choice for Vice President. It will tell all.”And it sure did. It sure did. 【杜卡基斯就挑选副总统一事说：I picked Lloyd Bentsen because he was the best qualified person for the job. 并引用了布什的一句话来支持自己。最后脱口而出：It sure did.(确实这样。)】 Mr. SHAW: Ann Compton for the Vice President. Mr. COMPTON(电视女记者)：Thank you, Bernie, Mr. Vice President, yes, we read your lips:“No new taxes.”But, despite that same pledge from President Reagan, after income tax rates(收入所得税率)were cut, in each of the last five years, some federal taxes(联邦税收)have gone up-on Social Security(社会保障)，cigarettes, liquor, even long-distance telephone calls. Now that’s money straight out of people’s wallets. Isn’t the phrase“no new taxes”misleading the voters? 【女记者康普登女士向布什先生提出了一个选民都很关注的敏感问题：“虽然你提出不增加税收，并且收入所得税等降低了，但社会保障、烟、酒、长途电话费等收费却上涨了，那么“不收新税的保证”不是误导选民吗？”且看布什如何作答。】 Mr. BUSH: No, because that’s-that I’m pledged to that. And, yes, some taxes have gone up. And the main point is taxes have been cut and yet income is up to the federal government by 25 percent in the last three years. And so, what I want to do is keep this expansion going. I don’t want to kill it off by a tax increase. More Americans are at work today than at any time in the history of this country and a greater percentage of the work force. And the way you kill expansions is to raise taxes. And I don’t want to do that. And I won’t do that. And what I have proposed is something much better. And it’s going to take discipline of the executive branch. It’s going to take discipline of the congressional branch-and that is what I call a flexible freeze(灵活冻结)that allows growth-about 4 percent or the rate of inflation-but does not permit the congress just to add on spending. 【布什绝对是政坛老手，他不慌不忙，先稳住阵角，进行正面回答：没有误导。因为Im pledged to that.(这一点我保证过。)Some taxes have gone up.但是The main point is that...(总体上……)And so, what I want to do is... 然后列出政绩之一：失业率下降。 I don’t want to do that. And I won’t do that.并且进一步提出改进措施： It’s going to take discipline of... That is what I call...】 I hear this talk about a blank check. The American people are pretty smart. They know who writes out the checks. And they know who appropriates the money. It is the United States Congress and by two to one, Congress is blamed for these deficits. And the answer is to discipline both the executive branch and the congressional branch beholding the line on taxes. So I am pledged to do that. And those pessimists(悲观主义者)who say it cant be done. I’m sorry. I just have fundamental disagreement with them. 【最后总结：so I am pledged to do that. I have fundamental disagreement.】 Mr. SHAW: Governor Dukakis, your oneminute response. Mr. DUKAKIS: Ann, the Vice President made that pledge; he’s broken it three times in the past year already, so it isn’t worth the paper it’s printed on. And what I’m concerned about is that if we continue with the policies that Mr. Bush is talking about here this evening-flexible freeze-somebody described it the other day. 【杜卡基斯毫不客气地反击道： So it isn’t worth the paper it’s printed on.(因此连印有“保证”这两字的白纸都值不了。) 然后提出：What I’m concerned about is that... 并将布什的“灵活冻结”计划嗤之以鼻为“化了的冻糕”。他说道：Somebody described it ...】 He wants to spend billions of virtually every weapons system around. He says he’s not going to raise taxes, thought he has broken that pledge repeatedly. He says he wants to give the wealthiest 1 percent in this country a five-year,＄40 billion tax break, and we’re going to pay for it. And he’s been proposing all kinds of programs for new spending costing billions. 【在阐明主题后，杜卡基斯便展开讨论，列举了布什所做的几个典型事例，句式主要有：He wants to... He says... He’s been proposing...】 Now, if we continue with these policies, this trillion and a half dollars worth of new debt that’s already been added on the backs of the American taxpayers is going to increase even more. If we continue with this for another four years, then I’m worried about the next generation, whether we can ever turn this situation around. No, we need a chief executive who’s prepared to lead, who won’t blame the Congress, but will lead, will bring down that deficit, will make tough choices on spending, will go out and do the job that we expect of him and do with it the Congress of the United States. Mr. SHAW: And to Governor Dukakis. Mr. COMPTON: Governor, let me follow up on that by asking you, you’ve said it many times, that you’ve balanced 10 budgets in a row in Massachusetts. Are you promising the American people, here tonight, that within a four-year presidential term, you will balance the federal budget? 【以假设句进行推展：If we continue with this for ... then I’m worried about... 最后，杜卡基斯断然否定对方，并极其煽情地概括其主张。 请记住这句话，当接着问及一个问题可用：Let me follow up on that by asking you...】 Mr. DUKAKIS: No, I’m not sure I can promise that. I don’t think either of us can, really. There’s no way of anticipating what may happen. I will say this, that we’ll set up our goal a steady, gradual reduction of the deficit, which will require tough choices on spending. It will require a good strong rate of economic growth. It will require a plan that President works out with the Congress-doesn’t blame them, works it out with them-which bring that deficit down. It will require us to go out and collect billions and billions of dollars in taxes owed that aren’t being paid in this country. And that’s grossly unfair to the average American who’s paying his taxes, and paying them on time, and doesn’t have any alternative-it’s taken out of his paycheck. Mr. Bush says we’re going to put the IRS(国内税务局)on every taxpayer. That’s not what we’re going to do. I’m for the taxpayer bill of Rights. Well, I think it’s unconscionable(不合理的) that we should be talking or thinking about imposing new taxes on average Americans, when there are billion out there-over a hundred billion dollars in taxes owed that aren’t being paid. Now, I think if we work together on it, and if you have a president that will work with the Congress and the American people, we can bring that deficit down steadily,＄20, 25, 30 billion a year, build economic growth, build a good strong future for America, invest in those things which we must invest in: economic development, good jobs, good schools for our kids, college opportunity for young people, decent health care and affordable housing, and a clean and safe environment. We can do all of those things, and at the same time build a future in which we’re standing on a good strong fiscal foundation. 【对某事不做完全肯定回答，不使自己处于被动并授人把柄，就可说这些句式： I’m not sure I can promise that. I don’t think either of us can, really. There’s no way of anticipating what may happen. I will say this, that we’ll set up as our goal...(我愿这样说，我们以……作为我们的目标。) It will require...】 【反驳用语： That’s not what we’re going to do.(那不是我们要做的事。) I’m for...(我赞成……)Well, I think its unconscionable that...(我认为……是不合情理的。)】 |
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