“情态动词+have+过去分词……”结构 |
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/01/18 08:53 英语辅导报 |
在大学英语六级考试中,常会出现有关"情态动词+have+过去分词……"结构的试题。例如: You know a great deal about Tibet.You _______ there yourself. A.must be B.must have been C.can be D.can have been 该题的正确答案为B。因为"must+have+过去分词……''结构表示推测过去可能发生过的事情。 "情态动词+have+过去分词……"是一种常见的英语结构,下面我们分两个部分来加以讨论。 一、含义 "情态动词+have+过去分词……"结构一般表示以下几种含义: 1、虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中,如果要表示与过去事实相反的情况,主句中有时可以用情态动词might或could+have+过去分词来表示。例如: If you had placed an order with us,we might have delivered you the goods long ago.如果你们跟我们订了货,我们可能早就把货发给你们了。 If he had come yesterday,he could have seen the famous scientist.如果他昨天来,他就能看到这位著名的科学家了。 2、推测过去"must+have+过去分词……"结构表示推测过去可能发生的事情,本文开头所举的一例就是这种情况。再如: They started early this morning.They must have arrived at the destination.他们今天很早出发,一定已到达了目的地。 You must have thought about it.这你一定已经考虑过了。 也可以推测过去某时起一直进行着的事情。例如: The students must have been preparing for their CET-6.学生们一定一直在准备大学英语六级考试。 Her eyes are red.She must have been crying.她眼睛红红的,一定一直在哭。 3、过去责任英语中表示本来应该做而实际没有做某事这种情况需用"should或ought to+have+过去分词……"结构。例如: You should /ought to have asked me about it.关于它你本来应该问我的。 You should /ought to have finished the work yesterday.你昨天就应该完成工作了。 否定句则表示"本来不应该做却做了"的意思。例如: You shouldn't /oughtn't to have told her about it.这件事你不应该告诉她的。 也可以表示过去某时开始一直在进行着或一直不该做的事。例如: I should /ought to have been helping him with his English.我本应该一直帮助他学习英语的。 I shouldn't /oughtn't to have been resting at the time of day.我本不该白天一直睡的。 一般说来用should,表示说话人的主观性要强一些。例如: You should have minded your own busi- ness.你本该只管自己的事。 4、过去可能表示过去的"可能"用"may /might+have+过去分词……"结构,用may还是might没有时间上的区别,只是用might语气比较委婉而已。例如: You may /might have read about it in the newspapers.你可能在报纸上已经看到过这件事了。 She may /might have missed the first bus.她可能没有赶上第一班汽车。 表示"过去可能"也可用"can /could+have+过去分词……"结构。例如: You can /could have learned about it yourself.你可能自己了解到这件事了。 用"might /could+have+过去分词 ……"结构,有时可以表示本来可能发生却没有发生或本来可能做却没有做的事。例如: You could /might have been more consi- derate.你本来可以考虑得周到些。 You might /could have made greater progress.你的进步可以更大一些的。 He could /might have impeached you.他本来可以举报你的。 也可以表示过去某时起一直可能存在的情况。例如: She may /might have been expressing her true feeling at that moment.那时她本来可以表达她的真实情感的。 5、过去不必"needn't+have+过去分词……"结构表示过去本来不必做的事却做了。例如: You needn't have bought that blouse.你本来不必买那件衬衣的。 You needn't have made such a long report.你本来不必作这么长的报告。 也可以表示过去某时起一直不必做的事。例如: She needn't have been worrying about it.她不必为此事一直担心着。 You needn't have been staying here for such a long time.你本来不必在这里呆这么长时间的。 二、其他 1、直接用一般过去时与用"情态动词+have+过去分词……"结构表示过去含义不同。比较: You might not do it yourself.你可以自己不做。 You might not have done it yourself.你本来可以自己不做的。 第一例指事情没有做,第二例指事情已做过。 I didn't need to go to the station.我不必去车站。 I needn't have gone to the station.我本来不必去车站的。 第一例指没有去,也没有前往,后一例指本无必要,但却去了车站。 2、在附加疑问句中,"must+have+过去分词……"结构的操作词一般应视具体语境用must后动词的适当形式来表示。例如: He must have waited here for a long time, hasn't he?他一定在这里等了很长时间,是吗?(该句的意思是:I'm sure he has waited here for a long time.) You must have seen the film last night, didn't you?你昨天晚上一定看了电影,对吗?(该句的意思是:I'm sure you saw the film last night.) You must have been abroad,haven't you?你一定去过国外,对吗?(该句的意思是:I'm sure you have been abroad.) You must have been abroad several years ago,weren't you?你几年前一定去过国外,是吗?(该句的意思是:I'm sure you were abroad several years ago.) (文/浙江宇翔外国语专修学院王益民;英语通大学英语六级考试版2003年第10期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。) |
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