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新浪首页 > 新浪教育 > 英语辅导报社专栏 > 英语辅导:抓住特征,打开思路,巧解短文改错题

英语辅导:抓住特征,打开思路,巧解短文改错题
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/04/23 21:11  英语辅导报

  短文改错题是目前高考英语的必考项目,也是平时期中、期末考试的必考项目。"短文改错"是命题人把学生平时常犯的各种典型错误整理出来,放入一篇内容较为浅显,题材较为轻松又都是中学生平时喜闻乐见的短文中。"短文改错"并非难题,但得分率不高。究其原因,与认识"短文改错"特点和做题方法不无关系。首先让我们来认识一下"短文改错"几个特点和应对方法:

  1.短文改错题都是内容较为浅显,题材较为轻松,又都是中学生常见的记叙文。例如从1996年至2003年短文内容分别为:美国家庭、英语笔友、喜爱的运动、电视对学生的利与弊、英语演讲比赛、独生子女、游峨眉山、用英文写日记的好处。

  2.短文改错题一般在10行以上,每行

  8-12词,共计120词左右。

  3.短文改错题多半按"1225原则"设计为:正确1处;多词2处;少词2处;错词5处。

  4.短文改错题中的错误分为语法错误和逻辑错误两种。近年来在短文改错题中多词现象主要出现在冠词、介词、连词、助动词、语义重复或行文逻辑等方面。少词现象主要出现在冠词(名词前)、介词(不及物动词后或固定结构中)、助动词、不定式符号to、连词、语义不完整等方面。错词现象主要出现在冠词、介词、连词、助动词、名词的单复数、动词时态或语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致关系、词类(指应该用动词、名词还是形容词,以及平行结构中的词的正确形式等)。

  5.短文改错题的错误大都出现在句子表层,并不难发现。涉及段落上下文的,较难的错误多保持在1-3处,较难的错一般是动词时态或行文逻辑方面的错误。

  6.1999年之前的高考短文改错题中的句子相对比较简单,多为简单句或并列句。2000年之后短文改错题中的句子相对比较复杂,较长的复合句越来越多了。

  笔者归纳近年来指导高三学生的高考复习的经验,总结出做"短文改错"题的10个有效手段,介绍给大家,帮助同学们提高对英语的综合观察能力、评价能力和运用能力,逐步培养起判断、发现、纠正语篇中语言错误的能力。

  一、发现有平行结构,就要检查是否有用词不一致或成分缺少而引起的句子不平衡错误。例如:

  1.The doctor suggested plenty of food, rest and exercising.

  此句中并列的平行结构应该是三个语法结构上相同的名词宾语,而exercising用了动名词,应当把exercising改为exercise。

  2.She was eating her sandwich and drank her milk at the table when I arrived.

  此句中并列的平行结构应该是两个语法结构上相同的谓语,应当把drank改为drinking。

  二、发现有比较结构,就要检查是否有形容词、副词的级、程度副词、比较的对象以及冠词方面的错误。例如:

  1.People in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.

  该句中比较级形式重复,应去掉more。正确的句子应当是:People in the modern world generally live much longer than people in the past.

  2.There are more trees in villages than cities.

  该句中比较对象应当是"in villages"与"in cities"。所以应当在cities前面加上in。又如:The weather here is colder than in London.此句中比较对象应当是"The weather here"与"The weather in London"所以应当在than后面加上that来代替the weather而补全比较对象。正确的句子应当是:The weather here is colder than that in London.该句也可以说成:It is colder here than in London.

  3.In some places you can borrow many books as you want. (NMET'94)根据段落上下文不难发现该句是含有"as...as"结构的句子,所以应当在many前边加上as。

  三、发现有转折、因果、对比等结构时,就要检查是否有行文逻辑方面的错误。例如:

  1.I like singing, my brother likes dancing.

  汉语中讲完一个分句后,不用任何连词就可以接下去讲另一个分句。而在英语中,两个分句之间不能仅仅用逗号,而要用合适的连词。所以,在以上两个分句之间要加上连词while。

  2.A lady came to the window with the ball and shouted at the boy, and he ran away.

  男孩子跑掉是因为他打破了人家的玻璃。在行文逻辑方面,上下文是因果关系,所以应当把and改为so。

  3.His company publishes books and he buys books all over the world.

  按行文逻辑应当把buys改为sells才对。

  四、发现有多重结构句,就要检查是否有时态、语态、引导词或成分短缺错误。例如:

  1.I always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again.

  该句前后两个分句的时态和人称应当保持一致,所以应当把is改为was。

  2.Tom asks Mary if she knows the man is speaking to her.

  该句犯了多词或少词的错误,应当在is前加上who或者去掉is。

  3.And whether you pay the cost of sending a postcard, the librarian will write to you. (NMET'94)

  应当把whether(是否)改为if(如果),因为这里不是名词性从句,而是条件状语从句。

  4.He lives in Beijing, where is the capital of China.

  在这个非限制性定语从句中,引导词作主语,所以应当把where改为which。

  5.He wrote to me immediately as soon as he got there.

  该句犯了连词immediately和as soon as重复使用的错误,应当去掉其中的一个。

  五、发现有特殊疑问句结构,就要检查是否有疑问词使用不当的错误。例如:

  1.-How much was the price of your car?

  -I bought the car at a cheap price, only $ 2,000.

  英语中问价格时,常用What price或How much提问,回答时常用high price或low price(不能用expensive price或cheap price)。所以应当把问句中的How much改为What,把答句中的cheap改为low。

  2.China's population is more than any other country's in the world.

  英语中问人口多少时,也要用what (而不能用How many或How much)提问,回答时用large/big或little/small。所以应当把句中的more改为larger/bigger。另外address, weight, phone number等,也要用what提问。

  六、发现有名词、代词结构时,就要检查是否有数、格或指代不一致的错误。例如:

  1.Different people speak different language.

  应当把language改为languages。

  2.Some people read the books or watch TV. While others have sports.

  应当把the books改为books(泛指)。

  3.What a lovely weather we are having today!

  应当把a lovely weather改为lovely weather(不可数名词)。

  七、发现并列主语、从句、不定代词、集合名词、非谓语动词、时间、金钱等作主语,together with等引导的成分修饰主语时,就要检查是否有主谓不一致的错误。例如:

  1.Playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.

  but also后边的分句的逻辑主语也应是动名词短语playing football,其谓语应当用单数,所以give应改为gives。

  2.She as well as her brothers are fond of studying English.

  are应当改为is,因为"单数名词+with,(together with, as well as, but, besides, including等)+其它名词"作主语时,其谓语应当用单数。

  3.About $ 2,000 have been spent in buying new dress for his beautiful wife this year.

  have应该为has,因为"About $ 2,000"作为一笔钱,被视为一个整体,谓语须用单数。

  八、发现有固定短语、词组结构时,就要检查副词、介词、冠词是否使用错误。例如:

  1.Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.

  "catch sight of"(看见)是固定短语,所以应去掉a。

  2.When he came back, he found someone had broken in his house.

  "break into"(破门而入),是固定短语,所以要把in改为into。

  九、发现有特殊动词结构时,就要检查是否有非谓语动词或虚拟语气方面的错误。例如:

  1.He made me post a letter for him.

  英语中有5个感官动词"看":see, look at, watch, notice, observe;3个使役动词:let, make, have;两个感官动词"听":hear, listen to(便于记忆,我们可以称他们为"5、3、2动词"),其后所跟的复合宾语中,如果由不定式作宾语补足语的话,不定式须省去to。例如:

  We were sorry to see him go.看到他走我们很难过。

  He observed someone open the door.他看见有人开门。

  The doctor made him stay in bed.医生让他卧床休息。

  Please have him come in.请让他进来。

  We often hear him sing this song.我们常常听他唱这支歌。

  He listened to me repeat what Uncle Tom had said the day before.他听我把汤姆叔叔头天所说的话又重复了一遍。

  但在被动结构中不定式作主语补足语的话,不定式须带to。例如:

  They were seen to have landed safely.人们看到他们安全着陆了。

  They were observed to enter the hall.人们看到他们走进大厅了。

  The workers were made to do hard labor more than 12 hours every day.工人每天被迫干12个小时以上的重活。

  2.Don't forget taking your umbrella when you leave here.

  forget, remember, regret等动词后跟动名词表示已经做过的事;后跟动词不定式的一般式表示"要做"的事。根据句意,应当把taking改成to take。

  3.I suggested to go there with him after class.

  suggest, advise, finish, mind, enjoy, require, practise, consider, miss, avoid, admit, delay, imagine, risk, keep, escape, resist等动词后要跟动名词作宾语。所以要把to go改为going。

  4.He ordered that the work must be started at once.

  order, demand, require, request, insist, propose, advise, suggest等动词后跟宾语从句时,宾语从句中的谓语要用"原形动词"或"should+原形动词"。所以要把must改为should或者把must去掉。

  十、发现有非谓语动词作状语、表语或定语时,就要检查是否有非谓语动词和逻辑主语不一致的错误。例如:

  1.If it heated, water can be changed into steam.

  If it heated是一个被简化了的条件状语从句,补全了是:If it is heated。这种"连词+非谓语动词"作状语的结构,其中非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。所以it是多余的,应当去掉。又如:When he hearing the news, he burst into tears. hearing前不能再有he。

  2.The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry it.

  该句型中不定式"to carry"逻辑上的宾语就是句子中的主语,所以句中的it是多余的,应当去掉。

  (文/李国勤;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)




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