在各种句子成分中,补语具有复杂多变的特点,是高考试题考得最多的项目之一。下面结合高考试题,就这一语法项目加以分析,使同学们对其要点、考点的复习有一个清晰的思路。

　　一、现在分词作补语

　　如果宾语与后面的宾语补足语存在逻辑上的主谓关系,且宾补所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,宾补就用现在分词。常见的用现在分词作宾补的结构有:

　　get / leave / keep / set / catch / have sb. doing; see / find / watch / feel / hear / listen to / discover sb. doing 如:

　　He kept me waiting the whole morning. 他让我等了整整一上午。

　　注意:如果把上述结构变为被动语态(get, have, feel除外),则原来作宾补的现在分词变成主补。如:

　　The girl was caught stealing. 这女孩被抓住偷东西。

　　高考试题精选:

　　1. Seeing the sun above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.

　　A. to rise B. to raise C. rising D. raising

　　2. The missing boys were last seen near the river.

　　A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play

　　析:1.答案是C。本题考查宾语补足语。see可接不定式或分词作补语,此句中宾语sun跟宾补rising 构成主谓关系,且宾补(rising)所表示的动作与前面seeing 所表示的动作同时发生,所以应用现在分词作宾补。 2. 答案是A。本题考查主语补足语。由时间状语last判断,在河边"玩"指的是当时的情景,且补语(playing)所表示的动作与谓语动词(were last seen)所表示的动作同时发生,故应用现在分词作补语。

　　二、过去分词作补语

　　如果补语与宾语具有逻辑上的动宾关系,宾补的动作具有"完成"概念,或宾补表示已经存在的状态,就用过去分词作宾补。常见的用过去分词作宾补的结构有:

　　keep / leave / have / get sth. done; find / see / discover / observe / notice / hear sth. done; make oneself done如:

　　I have never heard the song sung in English. 我从来没有听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。

　　注意:如果把上述结构变为被动语态,则原来作宾补的过去分词变成主补。如:

　　The window was found broken.有人发现窗户破了。

　　The work was left unfinished. 工作没有完成。

　　高考试题精选:

　　3. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.

　　A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out

　　4. The murderer was brought in, with his hands behind his back.

　　A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

　　析:3. 答案是A。考查see sth. done结构。此处that引导定语从句,修饰plan,同时作谓语动词see的逻辑宾语。carry out与plan之间是逻辑动宾关系,故用过去分词作宾补。4. 答案是D。考查with+n.+done复合结构中的宾补形式。tie与hands之间是逻辑动宾关系,故用过去分词作宾补。

　　三、不定式作补语

　　不定式作宾补时有两类:

　　1) 带to的不定式作宾补。很多动词如allow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等后面作宾补的不定式都带to。 如:

　　He didn't allow us to smoke in his house. 他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。

　　2) 不带to的不定式作宾补。使役动词make, have, let;感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面作宾补的不定式不带to。如:

　　He made a face and made everybody laugh.他做了一个鬼脸,逗得大家都笑了。

　　注意:如果上述结构变为被动语态,不定式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语,此时第2 )类动词(let, have无被动语态)后原来不带to的不定式要加to。如:

　　He was seen to go upstairs.有人看见他上楼去了。

　　高考试题精选:

　　5. They knew her very well. They had seen her ________ up from childhood.

　　A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow

　　6. Paul doesn't have to be made ________.

　　He always works hard.

　　A. learn B. to learnC. learned D. learning

　　7. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ________ after drinking.

　　A. never to drive B. to never drive

　　C. never driving D. never drive

　　8. Robert is said ________ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.

　　A. to have studied B. to studyC. to be studying D. to have been studying

　　析:5. 答案是A。考查不带to 的不定式作宾补。see sb. do表示"看见某人……", 强调事情的全过程。6. 答案是B。考查带to 的不定式作主补。make sb. do 变为被动语态时,不定式需加to。7. 答案是A。不定式的否定式作宾补。8. 答案是A。不定式的完成式作主补,不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前完成。

　　从上面的分析我们可以看出,在感官动词see, notice, hear, feel等后作补语的可以是现在分词、过去分词,也可以是不定式。它们的区别是:现在分词表示正在进行的主动动作,说明的是当时的情景而不涉及事情的全过程;过去分词表示被动、完成概念,也可以表示状态;不定式表示主动、已经发生的动作,强调事情的全过程。试比较:

　　When I opened the door, I saw him going downstairs.(只说明开门的那一刻,我看到他在下楼)

　　I went in after I saw him go downstairs.(我看到了他下楼的全过程)

　　I found the door unlocked. (门没锁,是当时存在的状态)

　　四、 其他情况作补语

　　除了上述情况外,作补语的还有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等,均用来表示状态。如:

　　We made him head of our workshop. 我们选他当车间主任。

　　Don't keep your child out for a long time.别让您的孩子在外面呆得太久。

　　We found the students in that school healthy and happy.我们发现那所学校里的学生健康、幸福。

　　When he came to himself, he found himself in a hospital. 他醒来时,发现自己躺在医院里。

　　注意:如果把上述结构变为被动语态,则原来的宾补变为主补。如:

　　The students in that school were found healthy and happy.

　　高考试题精选:

　　9. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes ________.

　　A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening

　　析:9. 答案是A。形容词作宾补,表示状态。

　　(文/刘景田；英语辅导报高三版2003-2004学年第45、46期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)