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第二章 各类文体完形填空的解题方法
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/12/08 09:20  新浪教育

  一、记叙文

  记叙文的完形填空是我们平时练习和高考的重点,它主要包括幽默、故事、名人传记、事件叙述等。近几年的高考题突出了叙述上的灵活性,主要以叙述为主,通过人物间的对话反映人们对事件的看法及事情的起因,叙述上也经常采用平述的形式,较少加入作者的评论,加上单词量(200单词左右)较多,考生能在较短时间内把握文章的主题,基本能把握文章的主脉。然而近几年的记叙文由于人物间的对话较少,绝大部分篇章是作者在描述事件,因此考生对短文上下文情景及逻辑关系把握不牢,又加上生词量的增大,考生在这方面的失分仍然很严重的,因此如何让考生在读懂原文的情况下减少失误是我们目前面临的重大问题。笔者结合多年的教学谈一下记叙文完形填空的解析方法。

  (一)首先读好短文首句,把握全篇,琢磨文章要讲什么。

  这是做完形填空最重要的一步,很多考生认为第一句又没有空,我读它干什么?完形填空一般无标题,首句一般不能留白,是完整的一句,信息从些开始。其实读好第一句不仅仅能把握文章要讲什么,而且能把握住作者的态度:对此事是褒,是贬?态度不同用的词汇自然就不同。在读了第一句后,不妨略作停顿,推测一下下一步故事的发展。这一步同样很重要的,推测得正确,有了与作者同样的思路便有了良好的开端,便避免了一些弯路,常言道,“良好的开端是成功的一半”。

  (二)通读全文,掌握大意,理清各种角色。

  一般的记叙文有两个或两个以上的角色,作者对这些角色的态度是不一样的,即便是对同样做错事或傻事的人作者也不一定采用同样的态度来描述,如NMET’98,作者写了两个人物 ——Ella Fant以及她的儿子,Ella Fant是一位母亲,她溺爱自己的儿子,在她的眼中,儿子什么都是最优秀的。作者并没有表示出对这位母亲的批评,而是从理解的角度去写这位处处出错的母亲;而对她的儿子John,作者是从一个“窝囊费(a never-do-well)”的角度去写,因此我们再去处理这个儿子的角色的时候就要从他无论干什么都会一团糟的角度去把握文章,去选择答案,因此在选择… First of all he was a window cleaner and in his first week he managed to 33 (A. rub B. drop C. break D. clean ) at least six windows.答案时,我们就琢磨了:选择哪个答案能体现John的无能呢? 显然什么也比不上不仅给人擦不了玻璃还给人打破至少六个窗子更糟糕的了。

  (三)理顺事件的发生—发展—结局。

  记叙文的完形填空多数是按事情的发展顺序进行叙述。正确把握文章的发展顺序对于把握文章的主脉有着重要的意义,因此在选择答案时可以事先理清人物间的关系及各自所做的事情。这样在做答案时可以再一次从时间上把握故事的进程。

  案例讲解

  After finishing high school, Judy looked for a job at a store. Judy wanted to work as an assistant. The manager of the store 1 Judy. “We don’t have any 2 for assistants now. But we have one job. Would you like to be a store detective?”

  Judy was very surprised, “But I’m 3 five feet two inches all. And I only weigh 105 pounds.” The manager laughed. “You’re just right for the job. You don’t look like a detective. You look like a 4 . That’s what we want. ” He went on to explain, “If you see a customer steal something, wait until he is outside the store. Then stop him. We’ll call the police.”

  Judy decided 5 the job as a store detective. Each day she walked around the store, 6 customers. She remembered the manager’s words: “Most shoplifters (扒手) are 7 . Many shoplifters are rich.”

  The manager 8 right. One day Judy saw 9 who looked like a businessman standing at the jewelry counter (柜台). The assistant showed the man gold watches from Japan. 10 ,the assistant turned to another customer. Right then, the businessman put two watches on his 11 .He wore a coat so no one could find him out. He put two more watches on himself 12 the assistant turned back. “I 13 these watches,” said the businessman.

  The man walked as 14 as possible out of the front boor. Judy 15 him outside and then shouted, “ 16 ! I saw you steal four watches.” The man began to run. Judy ran after him. She cried out, “Stop that 17 !” A policeman at the corner seized the man and later, a police 18 took the thief away.

  The manager of the store was 19 Judy. He said. “Good work, Judy. You are 20 .”

  1. A. received B. refused C. rejected D. accepted

  2. A. part B. seat C. openers D. openings

  3. A. at least B. only C. already D. nearly

  4. A. student B. manager C. salesgirl D. customer

  5. A. to give up B. to change C. to offer D. to accept

  6. A. watching B. seeing C. hearing D. talking to

  7. A. poor B. in rags C. wearing hats D. well-dressed

  8. A. turned out B. turned away C. went D. came

  9. A. the man B. a thief C. someone D. no one

  10. A. Surely B. Before that C. After that D. Suddenly

  11. A. fingers B. arm C. foot D. hand

  12. A. before B. after C. as soon as D. when

  13. A. like B. don’t like C. will buy D. have worn

  14. A. early B. freely C. carefully D. quickly

  15. A. was followed by B. followed C. saw D. sent

  16. A. Help B. On C. No D. Stop

  17. A. businessman B. way C. customer D. thief

  18. A. car B. bus C. station D. bicycle

  19. A. sorry for B. proud of C. afraid of D. strict with

  20. A. an excellent detective B. very interesting

  C. a good policewoman D. satisfied

  答案与分析

  通读全文,本文是记叙文。全文叙述了瘦小的Judy到商店找工作,经理给了他一份特殊的差事——做商店的detective,结果她工作很出色。全文以时间顺序,先对Judy的工作进行了一个总体描述,然后讲述Judy抓小偷的过程。

  1. A 经理接待了Judy。receive 是“接待”的意思。其它答案有一定干扰性。从下句我们知道,这是经理刚刚与之谈话,是拒绝还是接受还不知道。

  2. D从下句But we have one job. Would you like to be a store detective看,售货员的位子已满,opening 在此意为“空缺”。

  3. B 从下句And I only weight 105 pounds 得此答案。本空所在句及下句都是说明Judy不适合作 detective 的原因——个子小,体重轻。

  4. D 其它答案均有一定干扰性。我们可以推测在所有这些人中只有顾客才不会引起别的顾客的警觉,因此,经理要她扮成顾客。

  5. D 从后文我们得知Judy接受了 (accept) 这项工作。

  6. A 我们知道,store detective 的职责便是观察(watch) 顾客,以便发现异常。

  7. D 与下句的Many shoplifter are rich相顺应。

  8. A “经理的话结果是对的。”turn out在这里是“结果是,证明是”的意思。

  9. C 看见“一个人”。A, B有一定干扰性。在这里作者并非特指某个人,排除A;那人刚来尚不能判定他就是thief,因此排除B 。

  10. C 本空所在句与上句是售货员先后的两个动作。D有一定干扰性。 suddenly 表示出乎意料,因此不合题意。

  11. B 从空后He wore a coat so no one could find him out,可得知那人把手表戴在了胳膊上。

  12. A 未被售货员察觉,偷表只能在售货员转身之前。

  13. B 这个人进来的目的是偷表,而不是买表,因此托辞不买。

  14. D 这个人事成后要溜走,因此as quickly as possible。

  15. B Judy紧随 (followed)其后,一直到商店外边。

  16. D Judy 先向他喊“停!”

  17. D 这时这人身份已明,向警察寻求帮助,Judy必须让他们知道那人是什么角色。

  18. A 警车将小偷带走。

  19. B Judy 为商店立了大功,经理自然为其骄傲。

  20. A 因为Judy 此时的身份是store detective, 经理的表扬点题。

  二、议论文

  议论文完形填空包括夹叙夹议和纯议论两种形式。夹叙夹议形式的完形填空有这样的特点:作者首先提出一个事件,然后就此事件引申出一个深刻的社会主题。纯议论形式的完形填空通过一个或几个人对某一现象的论述来赞扬、批评或提出某种见解。

  议论文形式的完形填空不像记叙文形式的那么有情景性,因此对整个文章的掌握相对来说也难的多。其解题步骤相当烦琐,稍有不慎我们的理解就有可能偏离作者要论述的主题,给答案的选择带来麻烦。解决这类题要遵循下列原则:

  (一)对于夹叙夹议形式的完形填空要把叙和议有机地结合起来。

  有的学生不注意这一点,只顾选各自的答案没有注意事件和论点的关系,这样能说明文章主旨的部分就不可能处理好。以96年高考题为例,作者首先介绍Thomas Macaulay的名言,这是全文的主旨。然后作者讲述30年前发生的故事,作者对人生观的议论从此开始,并且在议论中作者也没有忘记以事例来说明自己的观点,如:在街上捡到的钱包,在商店多找的零钱等,这些与前面讲的考试作弊一样,都能说明一个人在不被发现时做的事情能说明一个人真正的品格修养。并且作者在最后提出了But you must live with yourself, and it is always better to live with someone you respect的结论。全文由事例到论点,由论点到结论,一气呵成,浑然一体。如果没有对全文整体合一的掌握,所选的答案的正确性将大打折扣。

  (二)纯议论文形式的完形填空一般是直接提出论点,通过论据最后作者提出自己的看法,或提出一个话题供大家讨论。

  在这种完形填空中,一般来说,作者的态度是明确的,我们也能较容易地掌握他对事情的看法。但也有的完形填空,作者并不直接提出自己的见解,而是通过一个或几个人对某一现象的论述来间接赞扬、批评或提出某种见解。在这种情况下,作者也不是直接对他(们)的说法进行置否,而是对他(们)的说法赋予强有力的证据或被大家所公认的理论。实际上作者在借他人之口阐述自己的观点。

  (三)对于议论文形式的完形填空在掌握全文主旨的情况下,抓好每段的首句。

  有一项调查结果表明,英语的议论文有百分之六十到百分之九十的主旨句在文章的首句。抓住了每段的主旨句也就“牵住了牛鼻子”,再理解文意就不难了。如下面这段完形填空:

  People’s attitude towards drugs varies from person to person. Some 1 them as wonderful; 2 think of them as dangerous. Then what is the sensible 3 toward drugs?

  1.A. regard B. look C. admire D. promise

  2.A. another B. other C. others D. the other

  3.A. mood B. sense C. feeling D. attitude

  分析本段,我们可以看出,People’s attitude towards drugs varies from person to person就是本段的主旨。接下来的句子是由这句展开。联系第一句的attitudes我们得出第1空的答案为A。再联系varies from person to person我们得出第2空的答案为C。而第3空则是为下一段做铺垫,同时与文章首句相呼应,答案为D。

  (四)理清文章的论点、论据、结论。

  这是议论文完形填空与记叙文完形填空相比,议论文完形填空的难做之处。一般的记叙文是按时间顺序进行描述的,我们只要把握的事件的发生、发展过程就能将情景掌握好了。然而议论文形式的完形填空就不这么简单了,如果我们对哪是论点、哪是论据、哪是结论都不清楚,只能是莽撞地选择答案,其结果可想而知。我们看一下下面的一组完形填空:

  When a person is curious about something, it means he is interested in it and wishes to know more about it. There is 1 wrong with curiosity in itself. Whether it is good or bad 2 on what people are curios about .

  1. A. something B. nothing C. much D. none

  2. A. keeps B. puts C. takes D. depends

  读完第一段我们可以知道本文的中心论点就是:There is 1 (nothing) wrong with curiosity in itself. Whether it is good or bad 2 (depends) on what people are curiosity about.我们接着往下看。

  Curiosity is 3 silly or wrong. Some persons with nothing to do are 4 of curiosity about what they are doing. They are 5 to know what they are eating or drinking,…

  3. A. always B. sometimes C. seldom D. never

  4. A. full B. fond C. proud D. out

  5. A. permitted B. worried C. pleased D. anxious

  首句Curiosity is 3 (sometimes) silly or right 是本段的主旨,它同时又是中心论点的分论点。第4空依据搭配而来,选A。第5空依据中心curiosity而来,选D。

  On the other 12 , there is a noble curiosity – the curiosity of the wise, who 13 at all the great things and try to find out all they 14 about them . Columbus could 15 have found America if he had not been 16 . James Watt would not have made the steam engine 17 his curiosity about the raising of the kettle lid. …

  12.A. face B. side C. way D. hand

  13. A. expect B. like C. wonder D. doubt

  14. A. know B. study C. must D. can

  15.A. never B. certainly C. probably D. finally

  16. A. famous B. careful C. curious D. hard

  17. A. for B. without C. in D. from

  我们可以看出,这一部分又讲了中心论点的另一分论点—there is a noble curiosity。这同样是本段的主旨。接下来作者用论据论证:哥伦布发现美洲,瓦特发现蒸汽的动力都是noble curiosities。(key: 12-17 DCDACB)

  (五)有机地将文章的论点、论据及结论结合起来验证答案。

  一般说来,能说明论据主要内容的答案可以在论点里得到印证,而论点里的某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起来,使论点、论据形成相辅相承的关系,因而整个文章上下一致。如第3空的选择可以从总论点得出印证。第16,17空可以从there is a noble curiosity得到印证。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾,论据与论点相悖,最后的结论与论点相矛盾,那就说明我们对于文章的把握欠条理和系统,我们就要重新回过头来理顺文章各个部分,直到清楚、条理为止,然后再依据自己对全文的掌握及各部分的逻辑关系选出答案。

  案例讲解

  (2002上海,高考A) A

  Have you ever regretted doing something you shouldn’t have done or something you didn’t do while you should have ? At one time or another we probably all have. There’s no 51 in getting depressed about it now — it’s no 52 crying over spilt (溢出的) milk. However, there may be some gain in thinking about exactly what happened and why 53 we might be able to draw some conclusions for the future.

  One thing we all do now and again is to lose our 54 with a friend or close relative. The odd thing is that we more often display great 55 towards someone we are fond of than towards 56 .The explanation may be that we see friends and relatives as a kind of safety net, an opportunity to 57 a bit of steam in a safe environment, while the consequences (后果) of 58 a stranger could be far more serious.

  Being honest is usually thought of as a virtue (美德) and undoubtedly this is the 59 . On the other hand, we have all experienced occasions when we have spoken our minds to someone, telling them exactly what we feel, and then have found ourselves filled with feelings of 60 . Perhaps we should have kept our mouths shut ?

  51.A. reason B. purpose C. point D. result

  52.A. use B. help C. value D. benefit

  53.A. so B. because C. but D. though

  54.A. mind B. memory C. manner D. temper

  55.A. anger B. interest C. love D. respect

  56.A. strangers B. friends C. relatives D. colleagues

  57.A. run through B. throw away C. give up D. let off

  58.A. inviting B. insulting C. speaking to D. believing in

  59.A. issue B. case C. event D. factor

  60.A. excitement B. happiness C. pride D. guilt

  答案与分析

  本文是议论文。全文叙述了经常反省自己的过去,从过去的错误中得出教训的益处。也许我们对喜爱的亲朋发了脾气,也许我们因为说了真话得罪了别人,分析其原因及后果会给我们以后的处事带来教益。

  51. C“对此感到压抑是毫无意义的。”point在此意为 “意义,用处”。

  52. A破折号后的句子是对前句的解释。It’s no use crying over spilt milk 相当于汉语的“覆水难收”。

  53. B此空较难选出。大家或许认为why 后不可能选because。分析本句结构我们可以看出why后省略了it happened。we might be able to draw some conclusions for the future是thinking about what happened and why (it happened) 的原因。

  54. D C有较大干扰性。从下文The odd thing is that we more often display great 55 (anger ) towards someone…得知,作者在此说我们有时对我们的朋友或亲属发脾气(而不是失了礼节)。lose one’s temper 意思是“发脾气”。

  55. A从空前的odd (糟糕的)一词看其它答案不合题意。

  56. A从后文…,while the consequences of 58 (insulting) a stranger could be far more serious 我们得知,作者在此对比把脾气发在熟悉的亲朋身上与发在陌生人身上所产生的不同效果。

  57. D(对亲朋发脾气是)在一种安全环境下释放一定量的怒气的机会。let off steam意思是“发脾气”。

  58. B insulting 在这里的意思是“冒犯”。

  59. B This is the case 意思是“果真如此”。这是作者对“把诚实看作美德”的肯定。A 有一定干扰性,issue意思是“问题、难题”,指需要处理解决的难题,因此不合题意。

  60. D从空后的Perhaps we should have kept our months shut 看,我们所说的真心话伤害了别人,因此当我们说了真心话的时候,我们会不知不觉地充满了罪责感。

  三、说明文

  说明文完形填空一般都比较短。它是用言简意赅的文字,按照一定的方法介绍事物、解释事理的文章。凡是介绍事物类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系、功用、发展,以及解释事物运动、变化、产生、消亡过程、原理、规律的文章,均属于说明文。

  说明文一般有三类:1.实体事例说明文。包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等(实体事物是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品)。2.事理说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等(事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等)。3.文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化,进而编成故事,对其进行介绍。

  做说明文完形填空时,要注意说明对象是什么,是具体的实物还是理论性的概念。综观近几年的高考题,我们可以发现在文章的首句作者就直接提出要说明的对象。

  在掌握文章要说明的内容后,最关键的一步是要把握文章的说明顺序。这是文章的主线。解这类题就如画一幅画,首先是其轮廓,然后画具体内容,最后润色。而说明文的说明顺序则是其轮廓,细节就是内容。说明文的说明顺序有如下几种:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序、认识顺序等。时间顺序是指从先到后的顺序。空间顺序是指从局部到整体、从上到下、从内到外、从前到后等顺序。逻辑顺序是指先因后果或先果后因、先主后次的顺序。认识顺序是指由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质、由具体到抽象的顺序。理清这些以后,我们就可以选出答案了。这还不是我们的最后一步,别忘了还有“润色”。这时,我们要回过头来,依照文章的内容,将我们选择的答案带入各空,看一下我们所选的答案是否符合这一步骤。要注意的是,有时我们的答案针对这一空是对的,但很可能这一步骤应该是下一步要做的。这样我们就要进行调整,直到文章上下通达,步骤先后顺序清晰明了为止。

  案例讲解

  (2002上海,高考B)

  Several factors make a good newspaper story. First — obviously — it must be new. But since TV can react to events so quickly, this is often a problem for 61 . They usually respond to it in one of three ways.

  ·By providing 62 detail, comment or background information.

  ·By finding a new 63 on the day’s major stories.

  ·By printing completely different stories which TV doesn’t broadcast.

  What else? Well — it also has to be 64 . People don’t want to read about ordinary, everyday life. Because of this, many stories 65 some kind of conflict or danger. This is one reason why so much news seems to be 66 news. “Plane lands safely — no one hurt . ”doesn’t sell newspapers. “Plane 67 — 200 feared dead! ”does.

  Next, there’s human interest. People are interested in other 68 — particularly in the rich, famous and powerful. Stories about the private lives of pop singers, actors, models, politicians, 69 , all appear regularly in certain newspapers.

  Finally, for many editors, 70 is an important factor, too. They prefer stories about people, places and events which their readers know. That’s why the stories in Tokyo’s newspapers are often very different from the stories printed in Paris, Cairn, New York or Buenos Aires.

  61. A. newspapers B. publications C. reporters D. broadcasters

  62. A. extra B. available C. inaccessible D. memorable

  63. A. direction B. look C. angle D. section

  64. A. tragic B. dramatic C. professional D. sensitive

  65. A. quote B. neglect C. increase D. involve

  66. A. good B. bad C. exciting D. informative

  67. A. crashes B. bumps C. strikes D. drops

  68. A. places B. people C. things D. news

  69. A. in addition B. in any case C. for example D. after all

  70. A. personality B. similarity C. uniqueness D. familiarity

  答案与分析

  本文是说明文。全文说明了在电视这种新的媒体出现后,由于其报道快速,报纸这种媒体与之相比出现了落后。在这种情况下,报纸要与之相竞争,必须运用自己的长处。

  61. A this在这里指“报道的新”,从空前 But since TV can react to events so quickly 我们得知,在求“新”上,与电视相比较,报纸太难。

  62. A这三句是作者建议报纸利用其长处与电视竞争。首先提供准确细节、评论和背景,这是电视所难做到的。其它答案有一定干扰性。available意思是“可用的”,inaccessible 意思是“容易得到的”,memorable 意思是“易记住的”,显然B,C,D不合题意。

  63. C“找到当日主要事件的新的角度”。angle 在此意为“事情的角度”。其它答案不合题意。

  64. B从空后的People don’t want to read about ordinary, everyday life 看,作者在此认为故事要有“戏剧性(dramatic)”,而不能平淡无奇。D有一定干扰性。sensitive 意思是“敏感的”,显然不与ordinary, everyday 相对,因此不合题意。

  65. D involve 在此相当于include ,意思是“包含“。本句的意思是“因为这(有戏剧性),很多故事就包含了冲突或危险。”quote意思是“引用”,neglect 意思是“忽略”,increase 意思是“增长”,因此不合题意。

  66. B从后文报道的题目“Plane 67 (crashes) —200 feared dead!”得此答案。

  67. A飞机坠毁用 crash 一词。

  68. B从空后的particularly in the rich, famous and powerful 得此答案。

  69. C联系上下文,stories about the private lives of …是举例来说明上句People are interested in other people …,因此此空选for example。

  70. D从后文They prefer stories about people, places and events which their readers know 得此答案。其它答案均有一定干扰性。personality 意思是“个性”,similarity 意思是“相似”,uniqueness 意思是“独一无二”,因此A,B,C不合题意。


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