A. 被动语态的基本结构

　　主动语态强调主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态则强调主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的基本结构是：

　　名词/代词+助动词be +及物动词的过去分词( pp) +

　　by+名词 /代词+其它。被动语态的变化一般都在助动词be的位置。

　　B. 主动语态变被动语态的几种情况

　　1. 带单宾语动词的被动结构

　　这种类型的句子较多，只需将宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语为人称代词时，应由宾格改为主格。如：

　　All his students like him. →He is liked by all his students.

　　2. 带双宾语动词的被动结构

　　通常是用间接宾语作被动句的主语，直接宾语仍位于句中原来的位置。这种句子中的常见动词有tell, give, lend, send, pay, offer, promise, refuse, show等。如：

　　He told me the news. →I was told the news.

　　但也可用直接宾语作被动句的主语，而将间接宾语仍置于动词之后。此时应在间接宾语前加介词to或for。 如：

　　Jill drew me a picture of horses.→A picture of horses was drawn for me by Jill.

　　3. 带复合宾语的被动结构

　　通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语仍位于原来的位置作主语补足语。如：

　　1) 宾语 + 名词

　　We made Li Lei our monitor. → Li Lei was made our monitor by us.

　　2) 宾语 + 形容词

　　His words got me angry. →I was got angry by his words.

　　3) 宾语 + 不定式

　　He made me do so. →I was made to do so.

　　在let, make, have, see, hear, watch, feel等动词后作宾补的不定式在主动结构中省略to，在被动结构中应加上to。 如：

　　I saw her enter the room. →She was seen to enter the room.

　　4) 宾语 + 现在分词

　　We heard the girl reading in the room. →The girl was heard reading in the room.

　　5) 宾语 + 过去分词

　　She found the door broken. →The door was found broken.

　　6) 宾语 + 介词短语 / 副词

　　They found the bike under the tree. →The bike was found under the tree.

　　4. 带宾语从句的被动结构。

　　当宾语是that引导的从句改为被动句时，应使用it作形式宾语，而将that从句仍置于动词之后，即用如下句型：It is /

　　was said (heard, known, believed, thought, etc.) that...。如：

　　They say that physics is quite difficult. →It is said that physics is quite difficult.

　　5. 不及物动词的被动结构。

　　有些不及物动词接上介词、副词或其它成分构成一个短语动词,则可以用被动式，所接的介词、副词或其它成分不可省略。如：

　　She is looking after the baby. →The baby is being looked after by her.

　　C. 一般不用被动语态的几种情况

　　1. 表状态且一般不用于进行时的动词fit, suit, have, cost, hold, last等。如：

　　This plan fits our needs.

　　The hall holds one thousand people.

　　The war lasts four years.

　　2. 连系动词be, become, feel, get, look, smell, sound, taste等。如：

　　He has become a manager.

　　The days get colder.

　　3. 团体、组织或处所的名词作动词leave, enter, join, reach的宾语时。如：

　　Wu Jun joined the army in 2002.

　　He left the room two minutes ago.

　　4. 喜怒、憎恶等感情色彩的动词hate, like, prefer, love等。如：

　　I prefer skating to climbing.

　　We love our country.

　　5. 动名词、不定式作宾语时。如：

　　He enjoyed living in China very much.

　　I looked forward to seeing him.

　　6. 抽象名词have a rest, take place, keep words, make a face，lose interest等作宾语时。如：

　　We had a rest for a while.

　　Great changes have taken place in the city.

　　7. 表示度量衡的名词作宾语起状语作用时。如：

　　The stone weighs 1000 kilos.

　　He ran ten miles without rest.

　　8. 反身代词、相互代词作宾语时。如：

　　They enjoyed themselves last Sunday.

　　We learn from each other.

　　9. 同源名词作宾语时。常见的动词有die, sleep, smile, laugh, fight, dream, live等。如：

　　We are living a happy life.

　　He slept a sound sleep.

　　(文/朱孔仁；英语辅导报初四普及版04—05学年度第14期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)