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《动词时态难点释疑-完成时》
http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/12/09 18:05  思马得学校

三、现在完成时(have/has done, have/has been done)

  1.现在完成时常用的时间状语有lately,recently,just,already,yet,up to now,till now,so far,to this day,in the past few years/months/weeks/days,over the past few years,during the last three months,for the last few centuries,through centuries,throughout history等。

  2.在时间状语从句中,谓语动词可以用现在完成时代替将来完成时。例如:

  Mother won’t let her watch TV until she has finished her homework.母亲要到她做完作业才让她看电视。

  The dinner party will begin after all the guests arrive/have arrived.所有的客人到了以后,聚餐就开始了。

  3.has/have been to与has/have gone to的区别。has/have been to表示“曾去过”,说明有某种经历;has/have gone to表示“已去某地(在途中或已经到达目的地)。例如:

  They have been to Sweden many times.他们去过瑞典许多次了。

  Jack isn’t in. He has gone to the supermarket.杰克不在,他去超市了。

  4.现在完成时特别强调瞬间动词和持续性动词。瞬间动词表示短暂、不能持续一段时间的动作,如come,go,leave,start,begin,become,receive,die,而持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作,如work,stay,live,learn等。下面列举一些常用的瞬间动词和对应的持续性动词:leave,be away;die,be dead;put on,wear;fall ill,be ill;borrow,keep;catch cold,have a cold;buy,have;join the army,be in the army。例如:

  My brother has been in the army for some time.我兄弟参军有一段时间了。

  My brother joined the army some time ago.我兄弟是一段时间以前参的军。

  He has been up for an hour.他起床有一小时了。

  He got up an hour ago.他一小时前起的床。

  Jack has been a soldier for some time.杰克当兵有段时间了。

  Jack became a soldier some time ago.杰克是在一段时间前当的兵。

  但是,瞬间动词的肯定结构可以用不与“for+时间段”连用的现在完成时,说明某个动作已经发生;瞬间动词的否定结构可以与“for+时间段”连用,说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间。例如:

  Hurry up! The film has begun.快一点!电影已经开始了。

  We haven’t heard from her for a long time.我们很久没收到她的来信了。

  5.句型It is/has been + 时间段 + since(从句的谓语动词用一般过去时) 例如:

  It is two months since they came here.他们来这里两个月了。

  It is ten years since his father died.他父亲去世有十年了。

  6.持续性动词用于含有till/until的句子结构,表示该动作一直持续到某时间终止;而瞬间动词的否定结构用于till/until句子中,表示某动作不发生的状态延续到某时间终止,可译为“直到……才……”。例如:

  They went on working till supper time.他们继续工作到晚餐时间。

  They didn’t stop wording till supper time.他们一直到晚餐时间才停止工作。

  I will stay until you come.我会等到你来。

  I won’t leave until you come.直到你来了,我才会离开。

  7.句型this is the first/ second/ third … time that(从句的谓语动词用现在完成时) 例如:

  This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。

  四、现在完成进行时(have/has been doing, 一般不用该时态的被动语态)

  与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调,在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。例如:

  It seems oil has been leaking from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right. 看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。

  At last you come! I have been waiting for you for the whole morning.你终于来了,整个上午我都在等你。

  五、一般过去时(did, was/were done)

  1.有些句子中虽然没有表示确定过去时间的状语,但根据上下文的情景可以推断出是过去发生的动作,此时也应用一般过去时。例如:

  I didn’t know you were here.我不知道你在这里。(说这句话的时候,我已经知道你在这里了,所以用一般过去时)

  I forgot to bring my dictionary with me.我忘记带字典了。(说这句话的时候,我已经想起要带字典)

  2.一般过去时用于时间或条件状语从句中,代替过去将来时。例如:

  She promised that she wouldn’t tell their mother about it when their mother came back.她答应当他们的妈妈回来时,她不会把这件事告诉她。

  He said that he would give her the book if he saw her.他说如果他看到她,他会把这本书给她。

  3.一般过去时有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。例如:

  I want to ask you if I could borrow your car?我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?

  Could you tell me how to get to the nearest post office?您能告诉我去最近的邮局怎么走吗?

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