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倒装结构
http://www.sina.com.cn 2006/01/11 11:11  思马得学校

  概述

  倒装结构也是英语考试中常考的语法现象,该结构分为完全倒装和部分倒装。所谓完全倒装是指整个谓语部分放在主语前面;而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分(情态动词或助动词)放在主语之前。

  难点释疑

  一、完全倒装

  1.表示地点、方向、时间的副词或者介词放在句首时,句子要完全倒装。这类词通常有here,there,up,down,out,in,away,now,then等。例如:

  Here comes the postman! 邮递员终于来了!(但当这类句子的主语是代词时,就不用倒装句,例如:Here we are. 我们到了。)

  In rushed a woman.一位妇女冲了进来。

  Out of the cinema he came.他从电影院出来。

  2.there引出的完全倒装句,除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都译成“有”的含义,构成完全倒装句。例如:

  Long long ago, there lived a fairy in the hill.很久很久以前,山上住着一个精灵。

  There stands the chance that he will study abroad.他有可能出国留学。

  二、部分倒装

  1.so + a./ad.以及to such a degree,to such an extent,to such a point放在句首,表示程度,句子要部分倒装。例如:

  So much money did the house cost that we didn’t buy it.那房子要价很高,我们没有买。

  To such an extent do prices rise that I have to take more jobs.物价涨得如此厉害,我只能多打几份工了。

  2.由if引导的虚拟语气,省略if后可以部分倒装。例如:

  Were it to rain (If it were to rain), she would take her umbrella.要是下雨,她会带伞的。

  Had he not got (If he had not got) more salary, he would have left the company.要是他的薪水没有上涨的话,他早就离开这家公司了。

  3.在句子中作状语的含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时,句子要用部分倒装,这些否定副词有barely,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely…when,never,no sooner…than,rarely,no more,nor,nearly,not only…but also…,not,neither,nowhere,no longer,not until,at no time,by no means,on no account,in no case,under no circumstances。例如:

  Not a single person can solve the problem.没有一个人能解决这个问题。(不用倒装,因为a single person在句子中的成分是主语不是状语)

  Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。(但如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,就不用倒装。例如: It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)

  Hardly had he heard the news when he collapsed.他一听到这个消息,就晕倒了。(参见“过去完成时)

  4.“only + 状语”放在句首,句子需要部分倒装。例如:

  Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests. 一年级学生只有在特殊的情况下才可以允许补考。

  Only he can operate the machine.只有他会操作这台机器。(only强调的是主语,句子无需倒装)

  5.由be 引起的倒装句表示让步,并带有虚拟语气的结构特点,即be 用原形。例如:

  Be it rainy or sunny, I will drive there. 不管雨天还是晴天,我都会驱车前往。

  The business of each day, be it retailing or selling by wholesale, went quite smoothly. 每天的生意,无论是零售还是批发,都进行得很顺利。

  6.as/though引导的让步状语从句,有时也可以部分倒装。例如:

  Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他年幼,他懂得很多。

  Small as/though shoe shop is, it sells a variety of shoes. 尽管鞋店很小,它却出售各种各样的鞋子。


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