语法精讲:英语句子中四种非连续成分

http://www.sina.com.cn 2007年11月27日 13:44   英语周报大学版

  了解英语句子中非连续成分的运用无论对于正确理解英语句子的意思,还是用正确汉语来表达英语句子的意思都是至关重要的。

  我们都知道,英语大多数陈述句都采用SVO这种线性结构(linear structure),各成分之间的语法关系是靠语序来体现的,为了准确地表达句子中各成分之间的语法关系,避免歧义,人们在写英语句子时一般要遵循相邻原则(principle of adjacency),即语法关系密切的两个成分应处于相邻的位置。但是,在实际运用中有时人们并不遵循这一原则,两个应该相邻成分之间被其它成分分隔,构成含非连续成分(discontinuous constituents)的句式。例如:

  ⑴A wild yell of jubilation to their surprise, went up suddenly from two dozen throats and pandemonium of joy ensued.

  --F. S. Fitzgerald: The Diamond as Big as the Ritz

  ⑵But here on the same road you might have seen among these heavy men a being lithe…

  --J. Conrad: Amy Foster

  ⑶Indeed, if readers find the introduction hard going, they should read just the last section, then plunge into the body of the book, and return to Chapter I when puzzles arise about the general nature of the field.

  --S. C. Levinson: Pragmatics

  ⑷As soon as they were gone, Elisabeth walked out to recover her spirits, or in other words, to dwell, without interpretation on those subjects that deaden then more.

  --J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice

  上面几个都是含非连续成分的句子,但非连续成分的构成情况各不相同。例⑴句子中的主语A wild yell of jubilation和谓语went up被状语to their surprise分隔,构成主谓非连续成分,例⑵中谓语动词might have seen和宾语a being被状语among these heavy men分隔,构成动宾语非连续成分。例⑶中的中心词puzzles和修饰语被分句的谓语arise分隔,构成名词中心词和后置修饰非连续成分。例⑷不定式动词to dwell和该动词词组的小品词分隔,构成动词副词小品词非连续成分。

  在上面四种非连续成分中,最多见的是中心词和后置修饰语非连续成分,这种连续成分比较复杂。除上面例⑶讲的中心词和介词短语修饰语以外,还有以下各种情况。

  1、中心词是句子的主语,其修饰语是关系分句,这个关系分句的主语又是关系代词,这种关系分句往往可与中心词分隔。例如:

  Some things have been done that ought to have been done long ago.

  2、中心词是主语或宾语,同时被两个后置修饰语修饰,其中一个修饰语

  把中心词和另一个修饰语分隔。例如:

  I've got something important to say.

  There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.

  The enterprises and property in China of the Japanese aggressors and the chief traitors were confiscated.

  Is there anything you want that you have not?

  从这几个例句看,造成非连续成分产生的可能是形容词,副词后置修饰语,介词短语后置修饰语,关系分句后置修饰语等。

  3、中心词是主语或宾语,状语或插入成分把中心词和修饰语分隔。例如:

  There are a lot of people at the bus stop waiting for the bus.

  They found a room there to put up for the night.

  "Here is the man, " he said, "who told us the good news yesterday."

  at the bus stop, there都是状语,he said是插入成分,它们把中心词和修饰语分隔,产生了非连续成分。

  4、中心词位于句首,而修饰它的后置修饰语又需置于谓语之后,两者不得不分开。这种情况多见于疑问代词作中心词的句子中。例如:

  What did he want to say about it?

  Who is there to be criticized?

  研究上面所举的所有例句,我们可以发现,英语句子中的非连续成分主要由两个原因造成的,一个是插入语导致产生非连续成分,另一个是为了使句子结构平衡,防止句子产生头重脚轻而产生了非连续成分。

  含非连续成分的英语句子的运用,有时与修辞因素有关,即运用非连续成分是为了提高英语句子的修辞表达效果。含非连续成分的英语句子主要有以下几种修辞作用。

  1、保持句子结构平稳

  由于用文字传递信息的需要,构成句子的各种成分可能会较复杂地交织在一起,这就不可避免地会导致句子结构不平衡的问题,违背句子末端加重(end weight)的原则。例如:

  News that the rebels threatened to blow up the city came.

  这个句子语法上应该是对的,但修辞效果无从谈起,句子的主语很长,谓语部分只有一个词,太短,句子头重脚轻,失去平衡。现在我们来看下列几例:

  When a subject was accused of a crime important enough to interest the king, public notice was given that on an appointed day the fate of the accused person would be decided in the king's arena.

  --F. Stockton: The Lady or the Tiger

  We watched on TV the two astronauts walking on the moon.

  I know of a place on that mountain where we can find this kind of plant.

  这几个都是含非连续成分的句子,由于非连续成分的运用,按正常语序的句子所产生的弊端随之消失。句子结构平稳自然,语义严密,修辞效果显而易见。

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