| 名师解析06考研英语新增题型：概括大意题举例 | |||||||||
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| http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/07/03 16:46 新东方教育在线 | |||||||||
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6.如果主题句比较复杂(如复合句)，应重点看主句部分。 有时主题句是比较复杂的复合句，如果理解有困难，应集中精力看主句部分，正确答案应来 自主句。 主题句中，常常有如下的句式：
Although/While/Despite/Despite the fact...,中文意思是：“虽然…，但是…” 。前面是个让步状语从句，后面是主句，要说明的观点在主句中。 例如某段话的主题句为： However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centres etc., many organisations are still prepare d to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructu red interview. 译文：虽然招收新人的决定很重要而且有很多成熟的和更客观的选择技巧，很多单位仍然 准备基于30到45分钟的无组织的面试来做出决定。 讲解：这句比较复杂，不好理解。应重点看主句部分many organisations are still prepa red to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructured interview。正确答案为：The unstructured interview and its validity。 7.如果主题句中有show和suggest等词，应重点看其后的宾语从句。 show，suggest是“表明”、“说明”的意思，其后的宾语从句往往是要说明的观点，是该 段话的主旨。 例某段话的主题句为： Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce, Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labor for family work are very rigid indeed. 译文：虽然有孩子的妇女参加工作的数目显著上升，但过去15年澳大利亚的研究一致表明 ，家庭工作的劳动分工实际上是非常固定的。 讲解：这句话比较复杂，不好理解。按照前面的注意事项，应重点看主句部分。主句部分 中，有show的类似结构：showing that，所以，其后的宾语从句是要说明的观点，是该段话 的主旨。正确答案应是divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed 的 改写。其中，关键词是rigid，在本句中的意思是固定不变的。正确答案为：The uncha nged role of the female parent。 请注意：正确选项中的unchanged是原文主题句中的关键词rigid的同义词。 8.如果主题句是not only ... but also句型，应重点看but also后面的部 分。 not only ... but also的意思是“不仅…而且…”，常用来承上启下。not only后面 的部分是“承上”，即上一段的主旨，but also后面的部分是“启下”，即本段话的主旨。 所以，应重点看but also后面的部分。 例某段话的主题句为： Diversity exists not only between cultures, but also within a single culture. 译文：多样性不仅存在于不同的文化之间，而且还存在于同一文化之中。 讲解：本句用来承上启下。not only后面的部分是“承上”，即上一段的主旨是：多样性存 在于不同的文化之间，but also后面的部分是“启下”，即本段话的主旨是：多样性存在于 同一文化之中。正确答案为：Variation within cultures。 请注意：正确选项中的Variation是原文主题句中Diversity的同义词。这也说明，正确答案 常常是主题句的改写。 9.问句不会是主题句 问句通常作为引题，是过渡性的句子。所以，在做Headings题时，如果某个段落的第一句、 第二句或最后一句的问句，应该忽略，不用阅读，肯定不是主题句。 例如某段话的第一句为： Should police assume all the responsibility for ensuring a rapid response? 译文：警察应该承担快速反应的全部责任吗? 讲解：此句虽然是该段话的第一句，但因为是问句，所以不用看，肯定不是主题句，直接看 该段话的第二句即可。 10.举例子的句子不会是主题句 英文文章讲究以理服人，经常用例证即举个例子来论述自己的观点。所以，在阅读文章中 ，经常有以For example开始的句子。请同学们注意，举例子的句子是用来解释说明观点的 ，它不会是段落的主题句。所以，在做Headings题时，如果某个段落的第一句、第二句或最 后一句是举例子的句子，应该忽略，不用阅读，肯定不是主题句。 例：For example, it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater li kelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of 1-2 minutes after a ca ll is received by the police. 译文：例如，只有警察在接到电话1-2分钟之后做出的快速反应才更有可能抓住罪犯。 讲解：这是一个以For example开始的举例子的句子，所以不用看，肯定不是主题句。 11.正确答案应是主题句的改写，与主题句特别一致的选项应引起怀疑。 正确答案应是主题句的改写，所以与主题句中的某些词特别一致的选项应不是正确答案。 例如某段话的第一句(主题句)为： Overall, female students outnumbered male students in the survey. 有一个选项为： Female Students 原句的意思是：在调查中，女学生的数目超过男学生的数目。 上述选项只提到了女学生，所以，它不对。应用本条件规律，你会发现它与主题名中的词f emale students一模一样，所以也应该怀疑它不是正确选项。 正确选项为：Gender Gender的意思是“性别”。在主题句中并没有这个词，可见正确答案应是主题句的改写。 例如某段话的第一句(主题句)为： While student visa holders took either 10-29 week or 40 week courses,most studen ts on working holiday and tourist visas took courses of less than 10 weeks,or from 10 to 19 weeks in length. 容易误选的选项为： Visas 正确选项为： Length of Courses 12.如果需要阅读整个段落，应重点阅读该段落中的重点词句。 并不是每个段落都有主题句，有10%左右的Headings是必须阅读整段才能找出的。受英语水平的限制，如果阅读整个段落有困难，应重点阅读段落中的如下内容： 1)反复出现的词 2)括号里的词 3)引号里的词 4)黑体字 5)斜体字 (三)大纲样题 Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) ［A］What to do as a student? ［B］Various definitions of plagiarism ［C］Ideas should always be sourced ［D］Ignorance can be forgiven ［E］Plagiarism is equivalent to theft ［F］The consequences of plagiarism Scholars,writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas.In the English-speaking world,the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas.Simply stated,plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloinning,and publication as one’s own of the ideas,or the expression of ideas of another.” 41. The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. 42. Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words,otherwise dire consequentces may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly.They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention. 43. Plagiarism by accident,or oversight,sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from.He may have read it long ago,heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues.He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed.Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against,it is the least serious and,if lessons learned,can be exempt from being severely punished. 44. Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources.The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting,listing bibliography-are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although ‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged. 45. The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention. The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty. ［题解］ 这篇文章的结构属于现象、问题解决型，内容是关于学术抄袭，作者主要介绍了什么是抄袭，它的后果，以及建设性的建议。整篇文章层次分明，语言简练。 文章第1段给抄袭下了定义。 第2段的第一句话已经暗示了41题的答案，“The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.” 中penalties是plagiarism的结果，而在6个选项中，［F］项中的The consequences of plagiarism (抄袭的后果)刚好与penalties相对应。 下1段又说到，学生们应该避免抄袭。而造成抄袭又可以分为3种情况：偶然、无知和故意。接下来的几段就是对这3种情况的进一步介绍。了解了这些段落的大意，考生就可以选出剩下的答案了。 42题目所在段落中的首句有Students一词,与选项A中的student相对应。该文中除了最后一段，就只有第三段中有Students一词了。 也许考生在43题和44题上会选错，看到44题所处段落中有“ignorance”这个词就选了［D］。但是该段强调的是作者都应该学会标注引用的来源，如果没有标注，免不了要受到抨击。43题所处段落中说，这种抄袭的情况是最轻的一种，是可以饶恕的，所以［D］选项最贴切。 ［答案］ 41.F 42.A 43.D 44.C 45.E 更多信息请访问：新浪考研频道 |
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