3.sensible，sensitive

　　sensible明智的，可察觉的，知道的

　　sensitive敏感的，易受影响的

　　It is sensible of him to seize the opportunity.

　　A sensitive woman is quick at understanding.

　　My skin is sensitive to cold.

　　4.worthy，worth，worthwhile

　　worth作表语，表示值得的

　　worthy作定语，表示有价值的，可敬的；但后面接of时，也可作表语

　　worthwhile意为“……是值得的”

　　He is a worthy man.

　　The man is worthy of his name.

　　The film is worth going to see.

　　It is worthwhile reading the novel.

　　5.alive，live，living

　　alive意为“活的，在世的，活跃的，充满的，注意到”，作表语或后置定语

　　live意为“活的，重要的，大家关心的，现场转播的”，作前置定语

　　living意为“活着的，现世的，当今的，一模一样的，现存的”，作定语或表语

　　Who is the greatest writer alive?

　　He caught a live fish bare-handed.

　　She is the living image of her mother.

　　6.altogether，all together

　　altogether完整或总的来说

　　all together一起或总共

　　I was not altogether satisfied.

　　All together fifty people registered.

　　7.able，capable

　　able能，有能力的，可作定语或表语，作表语时后接不定式

　　capable能，有能力的，可作定语或表语，作表语时，后接of+名词或动名词

　　He is able to solve many difficult problems in study.

　　The boy is capable of learning at least 20 characters a day.

　　8.accurate，correct，exact, precise

　　accurate准确的，精确的，表示“准确无误”

　　correct正确的，恰当的

　　exact强调“照原样不加改动”

　　precise侧重于微小细节方面的高度准确，即精确度很高

　　Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.

　　His answer to the question is correct.

　　Give me his exact words.

　　They made precise measurements.

　　9.scarce，rare

　　scarce缺乏的，不足的

　　rare稀有的，难得的，珍奇的

　　Water is scarce in the desert.

　　The panda is now a rare animal.

　　10.effective，efficient

　　effective有效的，产生预期结果的，可用于人或物

　　efficient效率高的，有能力的，可用于人或物，强调高效率和高性能

　　The government should adopt effective measures to reduce unemployment.

　　The old man used to be an effective speaker.

　　A lawyer needs an efficient secretary.

　　Our efficient new machines are much more cheaper to run.

　　11.economic，economical

　　economic经济学的，与经济有关的

　　economical节俭的，节约的

　　United Nations intend to apply economic sanctions inorder to urge the cease-fire.

　　She has to be very economical because she hasn't much money.

　　12 individual，personal，private

　　individual单独的，个别的，个人的；独特的

　　personal个人的，亲自

　　private私人的，私有的，不公开的

　　It is difficult for a teacher to give individual attention to children in a large class.

　　The Prime Minister made a personal appearance at the meeting.

　　I'd like to have a private chat with you.

　　2、同义、近义动词辨析

　　1.1ay(1aid，laid.，lie(1ay，lain)

　　lie 躺，位于，不及物动词

　　lay 放，置放

　　The university lies in the east of the city.

　　It's Sunday.Many people are lying on the grass in the garden enjoying the sun while some workers are busy laying bricks across the river.

　　He laid his books on the desk and went out.

　　2.arise，rise，raise

　　arise出现，发生，兴起，不及物动词

　　rise上升，起身，不及物动词

　　raise举起，提高，唤起，饲养，及物动词

　　Many problems arose as a result of the use of a new fuel.

　　He rose from his seat and embraced the youngman.

　　He raised the box without any effort.

　　3.affect，effect

　　affect影响，触及，感到，侵袭

　　effect实现，带来，产生，促成

　　She was deeply affected by her mother's death.

　　The reform has effected great changes in China.

　　但effect作名词时，意为“影响”。

　　4.assure，ensure，insure

　　assure意为“使……相信，使……放心”，assure sb of sth.或assure sb.that.

　　ensure意为“保证”，其结构为：ensure sth，ensure that从句

　　insure意为“保险，投保”

　　He assured us of Tom's ability to dothe job.

　　We can ensure his safety.

　　I ensure that the work shall be finished on time.

　　We insured the goods against WarRisks.

　　5.arouse，rouse

　　arouse引起，唤起，常跟一个抽象名词作宾语

　　rouse唤醒，激发

　　The man's strange behavior aroused suspicion in the policeman's mind.

　　The noise roused me out of a sound sleep.

　　6.replace，substitute

　　replace 代替，及物动词，其搭配结构为：replace+宾语+by

　　substitute代替，及物或不及物动词，其搭配结构为：substitute+(宾语+)for

　　They substituted red balls for blue balls to see if the baby would notice.

　　They replaced blue balls by red balls to see if the baby would notice.

　　7.remember，remind，recall

　　remember意为“记得，记住”，所记起的是以前知道或经历过的，通常指无意记起。

　　remind意为“提醒某人注意，使……想起了”，结构为remind sb.ofsth；“提醒某人做某事”结构为：remind sb.to dosth.或remind sh that从句。remind+宾语+about意为“提醒”。

　　recall意为“回想起，回忆起”，表示一种有意识的回想。

　　The picture reminds her of the village where she once spent her holidays.

　　8.contract，condense，compress，compact，concentrate

　　contract(使)缩小，缩短

　　condense浓缩；凝结

　　compress挤压，压缩

　　compact将(某物)紧压在一起

　　Metals contract as they get cooler.

　　If steam touches cold surfaces，it condenses into water.

　　Wood cuttings and saw dust can be compressed into boards.

　　Cars have compacted snow until it was like ice.

　　9.wound，injure，hurt，harm

　　wound伤，创伤，指利器或子弹对肉体造成伤害

　　injure通常指偶然事故对人体健康、机能等造成伤害，损害，有时也可指对人的声誉、感情等造成伤害

　　hurt在肉体上或精神上造成伴有痛苦的伤害harm多指精神上造成痛苦和伤害，但是仅引起不便或不安，程度不及hurt

　　Thirty soldiers were wounded in the battle.

　　He must have injured his ankle when he jumped from the tree.

　　His words hurt her bitterly.

　　It wouldn't harm you to work a little harder.

　　10.damage，destroy

　　damage指直接对外观、价值、使用性和完好性造成的损害

　　destroy指十分彻底地破坏，常含有不能或很难修复的意思

　　Many buildings were badly damaged during the war.

　　The building was completely destroyed by the fire.

　　11.decline，refuse，reject

　　decline 婉言谢绝，后面可接名词或不定式

　　refuse 普通用词，不接受，不同意，后面可接名词或不定式

　　reject 拒不接受，断然拒绝，驳回，后接名词

　　She declined to have lunch with her friend，saying that she wasn't feeling well.

　　They declined further comment on the proposal.

　　I refused his offer of money.

　　They rejected his application for membership.

　　12.deny，deprive

　　deny 拒绝给予，不给予(后面多跟双宾语)；否认，否定(可跟名词、代词、动名词或从句)

　　deprive 剥夺，使得不到，用于结构deprive sb.of sth.，常用于被动态

　　He denied the students a chance to speak.

　　The Negroes were deprived of equal educational opportunities.

　　13.disappear，fade，vanish

　　disappear 常用词，指消失，失踪

　　fade 指慢慢消失或逝去；也指褪色，凋落，衰弱

　　vanish 突然完全消失

　　The sun disappeared below the horizon.

　　All memory of her childhood has faded from her mind.

　　The thin mysterious woman passenger vanished.

　　14.ignore，neglect，overlook

　　ignore指有意地对某人或某事拒绝考虑，宾语—般是名词或代词。

　　neglect指有意或无意地由于不在乎、不喜欢或疏懒所造成的“疏忽”，其宾语可以是

　　名词、代词、动名词或不定式。

　　overlook指无意间所造成的“忽视”或“漏看”，其宾语是名词、代词或动名词。

　　They ignored ourwarning.

　　They are so diligent in their study that they neglect their meals.

　　In a hurry she overlooked a paragraph in the letter.

　　How could you overlook paying the rent?

　　15.charge，accuse

　　charge指控，尤指在法庭上控告某人，与with短语连用。

　　accuse常用词，指责某人有错、犯罪或犯法；指控，与。螈语连用。

　　He was charged by the police with breaking the law.

　　He accused the senator of accepting a bribe.

　　The police accused him of murder.

　　16.contain，include，involve

　　contain包含，含有，指一个整体内包含一些不同的事物，侧重点在整体

　　include表示所列举内容是整体的组成部分或整体，侧重点在附属特征

　　involve强调涉及某一方面或兼有补充说明的作用

　　It is a long document containing 26 separate articles.

　　The price includes both house and furniture.

　　The plan involves the cooperation of both young and old.

　　3、同义、近义名词辨析

　　1.shade／shadow

　　shade荫；阴凉处，相对于“热”而言。

　　shadow阴影，影子，相对于“光”而言。

　　I feel hot.Let’s sit down in the shade of that tree.

　　Shadows are longer when the sun is low in the sky.

　　2.mood／temper

　　mood心境，情绪(暂时性的)

　　temper脾气，性情(永久的)

　　He's always in a bad mood on Mondays.

　　He has a quick temper.