1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.

　　2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.

　　3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman ele

ment and Judeo-Christian element.

　　第一章

　　1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.

　　2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.

　　3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)

　　4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer.

　　5、They events of Homer‘s own time. (错)

　　(They are not about events of Homer‘s own time， probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)

　　6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.

　　7、Agamemnon， Hector， Achilles are in Iliad.

　　8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.

　　9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。 In the 20th century.

　　10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.

　　11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus

　　《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》

　　② Sophocles(之首)

　　《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页

　　③ Euripides

　　A.《Trojan Women》

　　B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物

　　C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)

　　D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.

　　To be specific(具体来说)， Euripides.

　　12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页

　　Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)

　　13、History (Historical writing)史学创作

　　※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)

　　This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3

　　只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

　　※ “The greatest historian that ever lived.” (有史以来最伟大的历史学家) —→ Thucydides —→ war (Sparta， Athens and Syracuse)

　　14、The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.

　　15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St. Paul. Democritus (Materialism)

　　16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收17、① Euclid‘s Elements解析几何

　　It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. (历史地位)

　　② Archimedes

　　His work not only in geometry几何学，but also in arithmetic算术， machanics机械， and hydrostatics.流体静力学

　　选择：Give me a place to stand， and I will move the world.谁的理论(Archimedes)

　　18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙① The Doric style

　　is also called masculine style. (宏伟的)

　　but the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned (单调)

　　is sturdy (坚强的)， powerful， severelooking (庄严肃穆) and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.

　　② The Ionic style

　　is also called the feminine style. (阴柔的)

　　is graceful (优雅的) and elegant (优美的)。

　　The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. (装饰性)

　　③ The Corinthian style

　　is known for its ornamental luxury. (奢侈)

　　19、The famous temples： The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon.

　　20、The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest of Greece.

　　21、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (

　　22、From 146 B.C.， Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.

　　Greek that of the eastern half.

　　23、Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.

　　24、The Roman writer Horace said “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”。

　　25、The dividing range(分水岭) in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.

　　26、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods： republic and empire.

　　27、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato‘s republic.

　　28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.

　　29、north： Scotland east： Armenia and Mesopotamia

　　30、In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions(罗马军团)

　　31、In the Roman history， there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was known as Pax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)

　　32、名解In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana

　　33、The Roman Law protected(保护) the rights of plebeians (平民)。

　　34、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.

　　35、After 395，the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.

　　36、Cicero西赛罗he legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词

　　described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的

　　an enormous influence(巨大影响) on the development of European prose.(散文)

　　37、Julius Caesar commentaries批评论 “I came， I saw， I conquered.”

　　38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德

　　39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.

　　The world‘s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

　　40、The Colosseum(大理石像) it‘s an enormous.露天的环形影剧院

　　41、Sculpture(雕塑) She-wolf(母狼)

　　42、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

　　43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式

　　论述简答

　　一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece？(名解简答)

　　(How do you understand “Democracy” in ancient Greece？ What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and modern democracy？)

　　答：

　　① Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”， but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.

　　② Women， children， foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.

　　二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？

　　答：

    ① Probably around 1200 B.C.， a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.

　　② Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.

　　A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion (入侵) early in the 5th century.

　　B. The establishment of democracy.

　　C. The flourishing (蒸蒸日上的) of science， philosophy， literature， art and historical writing in Athens.

　　③ The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.

　　④ In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， Greece was conquered by Alexander， king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered， whenever Greek culture was found.

　　⑤ Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.， the Romans conquered Greece.

　　三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？

　　答：

　　(1)、Three founders

　　1、Pythagoras① All things were numbers.

　　② Scientific mathematics.

　　③ Theory of proportion.比例的理论

　　2、Heracleitue① Fire is the primary(主要的) elements of the universe.火是万物之源

　　② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一

　　3、Democritus① the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者

　　② materialism.唯物主义

　　(2)、Three thinkers

　　1、Socrates①He hadn‘t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.

　　②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.

　　2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world， it was established by Plato.

　　②He has four works. Dialogues， Apology， Symposium and Republic.

　　3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world， it was established by Aristotle.

　　②Aristotle is a humanist.

　　(2)、Five contending schools

　　1、The Sophists诡辩派

　　①Under the leadership of Protagoras.

　　②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论

　　③His doctrine教义 is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的标准

　　2、The Cynics犬儒派

　　①Under the leadership of Diogenes.

　　②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.

　　③He proclaimed宣扬 his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.权利

　　3、The Sceptics置疑学派

　　①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.

　　②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable可获得的， and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.

　　4、The Epicureans享乐派

　　①Under the leadership of Epicurus. 选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名

　　②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲 enjoyment.享乐

　　Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通过实行道德获得

　　Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子

　　5、The Stoics斯多哥派

　　①Under the leadership of Zeno.

　　②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.

　　One should endure忍受 hardship艰难 and misfortune不幸 with courage.勇气

　　Developed into Stoics‘ duty.

　　He was also a materialist.

　　四、What philosophy system did Plato established？

　　(Why do we say Plato‘s philosophy system was idealistic？ Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive综合的 system of philosophy？ )

　　答：

　　1、It dealt with， among other things， the problem of how， in the complex， ever—changing world， men were to attain获得 knowledge.

　　2、The first case and physical自然 world should take the secondary case.

　　3、Idealistic of philosophy.

　　4、Many of Plato‘s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. (吸收到基督教的思想中)

　　五、What‘s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？

　　答：

　　1、 For one thing， Aristotle emphasized(强调) direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.(理论联系实际)This is different from Plato‘s reliance(依赖) on subjective thinking.(万物依赖主观思维)

　　2、For another， he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete(具体的) individual(个别的) realities. (物质与意识共同构成的客观事实)Here， too， he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world(意识高于物质)

　　3、Aristotle thought happiness was men‘s aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense， but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason， goodness and contemplation.(善良和期待)

　　一句话简答题What should be man‘s aim in life？

　　Aristotle‘s answer was： happiness.

　　六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development？

　　(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert运用 on the world civilization文化？)

　　答：

　　There has been an enduring excitement兴奋 about classical经典的 Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere别处。Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital有生命力的 part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.

　　1、Spirit of innovation创新精神

　　The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy； They first wrote history as opposed反对 to mere纯粹的 annals历史记载； They speculated思索 freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life生命的轮回， without being bound in the fetters束缚 of any inherited orthodoxy.继承的习俗

　　2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就

　　The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力： Philosophy， science， epic poetry， comedy， historical writing， architecture， etc.

　　3、Lasting effect持续的影响

　　①Countless无数的 writers have quoted举例， borrowed from and otherwise used Homer‘s epics， the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides， Aristophanes’s comedies， Plato‘s Dialogues，ect.

　　②In the early part of the 19th century， in England alone， three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作： Byron‘s Isles of Greece， Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats‘s Ode on a Grecian Urn.

　　③In the 20th century， there are Homeric parallels与…平行 in the Irishman爱尔兰 James Joyce‘s modernist masterpiece代表作 Ulysses.

　　七、What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture？

　　答：

　　1、similarity① Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.

　　② Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities(神) to be readily(容易的) identified (一致)， and their myths (崇拜的神) to be fused.(融合)

　　③ Their languages worked in similar ways， both being members of the Indo-European language family.

　　2、difference① The Romans built up a vast (巨大的) empire； the Greeks didn‘t， except for the brief (短暂的) moment of Alexander’s conquests， which soon disintegrated.(瓦解)

　　② The Romans were confident(自信的) in their own organizational power， their military and administrative capabilities.(管理国家的能力)

　　八、What is the Rome historical background？

　　答：

　　1、 The history of Rome divided into two periods： Before the year 27 B.C.， Rome had been a republic； from the year 27 B.C.， Octavius took supreme (最大的) power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.

　　2、Two centuries later， the Roman Empire reached its climax， marked by land area‘s extension： Encircling (环绕) the Mediterranean.(地中海)

　　3、Strong military power： the famous Roman legions.

　　4、 In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana.

　　5、Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.

　　6、The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.选择

　　① In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul)。

　　② After 395 (分裂时间)， the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West

　　③ In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.

　　④ The East Roman Empire collapsed (崩溃) when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. (英法百年战争结束)

　　第二章

    1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 在西方最具影响力的宗教

　　2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture： Judaism and Christianity.

　　3、The Jewish tradition， which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身) Both originated in Palestine， which was known as Canaan.

　　4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews. 犹太人的祖先是希伯来人

　　5、They called “Hebrews”， which means “wanderers”。商旅

　　6、About 1300 B.C.， the Hebrews came to settle (定居) in Palestine.

　　7、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.

　　8、The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament.

　　9、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝与上帝的教义

　　10、The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ.

　　11、The New Testament is， in essence (实质上)， the four accounts (四福音书)， written by the four disciples.弟子

　　12、The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.

　　13、Bible is representative of Christianity and 新旧约

　　14、The Old Testament名词解释

　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.

　　15、The New Testament名词解释

　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.

　　16、The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch.摩西五经

　　17、Pentateuch名词解释The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books： Genesis (创世记)， Exodus (出埃及记)， Leviticus(教义记)， Numbers (逃亡记)， Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

　　18、Genesis名词解释Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people， including the origin of the world and of man， the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.

　　19、Exodus名词解释Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious (宗教的) history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt， the period when they began to receive God‘s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to canaan.

　　20、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament， The Bible.

　　21、Noah‘s Ark was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament， The Bible.

　　22、The Historical Books was divided into seven sections：？

　　①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings

　　⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.

　　23、The content of historical Books： 1200B.C. 586 B.C.

　　Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C.， till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.

　　24、The History Books的内容

　　① The development of system of landed nobles.

　　② The development of monarchy. 君主专制

　　③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成

　　④ (略看) The settlement in the highlands

　　⑤ (略看) Age of great prosperity under Saul， David and Solomon.

　　25、Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.

　　26、The first king to unite the Hebrews was Saul.

　　27、David established religious capital， Jerusalem to Palestine.

　　28、The Prophets (先知)名词解释 宣传教义并受神灵庇佑的人

　　For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.(分为大小先知)

　　29、The Book of Daniel名词解释

　　The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.

　　30、The former body of church was known as Synagogues. 犹太教的会堂是教堂的前身

　　31、The Pentateuch is the book of Daniel is also called torah. 摩西五经的别称

　　32、 The story about God‘s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament， the Bible， which was known as Noah’s Ark.

　　33、By 300 A.D.each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as a priest.

　　34、Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese， which was headed by a bishop.

　　35、The most important bishops were called archbishops. (红衣大主教)

　　36、 Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament， which tells the beginning of Christianity.

　　37、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马塞福音书)

　　38、All the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations.为什么十四在西方吉利

　　39、The Last Supper was recorded in John.

　　40、The Last Supper was put into an oil painting by Da Vinci in the high renaissance in Italy.

　　文艺复兴以人为本的标志-蒙娜丽莎41、The Last Supper adapted from St.John， the New Testament， the Bible.

　　42、The story about Jesus being betrayed by Judas was known as The Last Supper.

　　43、The story about Jesus being pinned (钉死) in the cross to death was known as The Last Supper.

　　44、 The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers (改革者) led by John Wycliff.

　　45、Wycliff 与 Tyndale 的区别是：语言来源不同

　　Reformation (宗教改革) 为了 against the Latin language.

　　46、William Tyndale‘s version was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.来源

　　论述简答

    一、What difference between Christianity and the other religions？

　　(What are the forceful beliefs of Christianity？)

　　答：

　　Christianity based itself on two forceful (强烈的) beliefs which separate it from all other religions.

　　1、 One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God， and that God sent him to earth (世界) to live as humans live， suffer as humans suffer， and die to redeem mankind.(挽回人类)

　　2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son (唯一的儿子)， so that whosoever (whoever的强调型) believes in him should not perish， but have everlasting life. (获得永生)

　　加尔文主义也有这样的观点

　　二、How did Christianity originate and develop in the European continent (洲)？

　　☆ (How was Christianity spread to Europe and became the official religion？ 统治性宗教)

　　答：

　　1、The disciples of Jesus tried to spread his gospel， first among the Jews in Palestine and then in the Mediterranean region.

　　2、 During a time of great unrest and upheaval动荡不安 in the European continent， the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel.福音(书)

　　3、Christianity began to draw men and women from all classes in Europe. The Romans grew tired of war and feared (害怕) the collapse (崩溃) of the empire. And they admired the courage of the Christian missionaries.传教士

　　4、Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle (战役) and issued (发出) the Edict of Milan米兰特令 (选择) in 313. It granted (许可) religious freedom to all， and made Christianity legal.合法化

　　5、In 392 A.D.， Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.其他宗教不合法

　　6、Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression (压迫) to a weapon in the hands of the ruling (管理) class to crush their opponents (粉碎对手)。 The Latin language became the official language.

　　三、What are the different translation editions of the Bible？

　　答：

　　1、 The oldest extant (现存的) Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.

　　2、The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition， which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people‘s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.

　　3、 The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers (改革者) led by John Wycliff.

　　4、After John Wycliff‘s version， appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.来源

　　5、 The Great Bible (大圣经) ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale‘s work.

　　6、The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized”(官方版圣经) or “King James” version， first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple， majestic (高雅的) Anglo-Saxon tongue， it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.

　　7、The Revised Version appeared in 1885， and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. (美国英语版)

　　8、The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.

　　四、What is the great significance of the translations of the bible？

　　(What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature？)

　　答：

　　1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs (水库) of Modern English.

　　2、 Miltion‘s Paradise Lost (失乐园)， Bunyan’s Pilgrim‘s Progress， Byron’s Cain， up to the contemporary (同时期的) Hemingway‘s The Sun Also Rises， and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.

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