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基础知识必备

http://www.sina.com.cn 2006/09/25 18:02  东方飞龙

  语段填空题题型本身的特点决定了阅读文章的体裁以论说文和说明文为主。不同的问题有不同的叙述和展开方式,如按时间顺序、逻辑顺序展开;或按不同的论证角度,如事例论证、因果分析、对比比较等展开;或按不同的说明方式,如定义法、引述法、列举法等展开。展开方式决定了文章的行文结构和层次,因此,准确地把握展开方式的特点,有助于将选项放到原文最恰如其分的位置,以保持全文的组织严密、结构完整。例如文章运用例证法展开时,通常在提出观点后,会引用严谨的数据或事件作为佐证,而引用的部分往往被抽出作
为选择项。考生必须在读懂选项内容后,回顾原文,寻找到需要支持的上下文,在空白处迅速定位,而对其他细节或结论性的章节空白处,可以不加考虑,这样有助于提高做题的效率。因此在考试准备期间,考生应重点训练对文章总体篇章结构的掌握,做到阅读时心中有数,对上下文段落的逻辑组织关系有一个清晰的认识。

  考生需要认真搞清楚主干内容和结构上的关系和布局,从而分辨出选项部分从结构和内容上看是属于文章的哪个部分,并可以与空白处的上下文有机地衔接起来。一般情况下不可能有特别明显的词汇、句子等语言方面的提示,也并不要求考生过分关注某一具体的细节;而是要着眼于全文,在理解全文内容、文章结构、逻辑关系(如时间、地点、因果关系、从属关系等)的基础之上方能做出正确选择。

  一是考查对文章整体结构的把握。语段填空题的特点是组织结构逻辑性强,段落内部句子之间联系紧密,整篇文章围绕一个中心展开,句子较长且结构复杂,强调对通篇文章的透彻理解,不同选项之间也有较强的关联性,某一项选配错误可能会导致二项三项甚至全盘皆输。它一般要求考生能够把握所读的文章的总体结构,能够理清文章一般的结构,看懂段落之间的起承转合关系。因此要求考生具备从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构及主线内容并具备运用语法知识分析长难句的能力。

  二是考查段落内部的一致性。段落的一致性是指某段落的所有句子都围绕着一个中心主题。每个段落都会有一个主题句,所有的扩展句都是为主题句服务的,或陈述原因,或罗列事实、情节和步骤,主题句与扩展句在意义上始终保持一致。按段落结构的一般规律来说,其结构都是主题句,扩展句和结论句。段落的一致性指的是某段落的所有句子都围绕一个中心主题。它是整个段落的指导思想,所有扩展句都是为主题句服务的,主题句与扩展句在意义上始终保持一致。主题句往往出现在段落的首句中,但有时也会出现在段落中间或结尾处。

  三是考查段落内部的连贯性。段落的连贯性是指段落内部的论点和各论据之间的逻辑联系,段落内部句与句之间的衔接必须条理清楚、合乎逻辑。指的是段落中各句子之间的结构、句子之间的衔接必须条理清楚、合乎逻辑。转折、过渡应自然、流畅。篇章句子的连贯性一般是通过重复使用某些关键词、词组,或使用对等结构、代词呼应(尤其需要大家清楚it, this, these, that, those; he, she; here, there等词具体指代的是什么)、人称和数的一致或使用表示转折意义的词或词组等这样一些技巧来实现的。

  特别提示:注意文章中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间的逻辑关系和起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语(见下表)。

  表示逻辑关系以及起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语分类归纳一览表

  时空关系

  afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; but not the least; eventually; every; finally seeing...; first; first of all; for a start; meanwhile; next; not... until; on the left/right; previously; prior to; second; since then; since; subsequently; till; time; to begin with; to end with; to start with; when

  因果关系...and so...; another important factor/reason of...; as a consequence; as a result; as a result of this; as; because of this; because; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that...; for this reason; for; hence; in consequence; in that...; in view of; owing to; since; so;...so that...; the reason seems to be obvious: there are about...; therefore; thus

  转折关系

  and yet; but; unless; despite that; even so; even though; however; in spite of that; independent of; reckless of; regardless of; though; yet...

  并列关系

  also; and; as well as; both...and... ; either..., or...; neither... nor...; not only... but also; too

  递进关系

  accordingly; along this line of consideration; as a popular saying goes...; as far as... is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to do it...; in other words; in the first place..., in the second place...; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only..., but also...; not...but...; on the one hand..., on the other hand...; still

  比较关系

  apart from (doing)...; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like...; likewise;... rather than...; by doing so; similarly; similarly important; when compared with; when in fact...

  对比关系

  as opposed to; as opposed to this; but on the other hand; by way of; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; opposed to; something is just the other way around; whereas; while

  举例关系

  a case in point is...; a good example (of...) would be... ; according to; as an illustration, I will say...; as for; as he explains; as regards; as to; as you know; consider...; for example; for instance; for one thing..., for another...; in particular; including...; it is interesting to note that...; like; namely; notably; put it simply; stated roughly; such as; take as example (something); to detail this, I would like to...; you may ask/say

  强调关系

  believe it or not; by definition; especially; in fact; in particular; in reality; indeed; it is certain/sure that...; moreover; not to mention...; other thing being equal; particularly; to be strict; to be true; what is more important

  条件关系

  as long as; even if; even though; if it is the case in this sense; if necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once...; provided that; unless

  归纳总结类

  accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in a word; in brief; in other words; in short; in summary; on the whole; overall; the conclusion can be drawn that...; therefore; to conclude; to sum up

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