| 第五节：被动语态 | |||||||||
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| http://www.sina.com.cn 2006/10/08 10:23 北京安通学校 | |||||||||
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语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。 一、被动语态的构成 英语动词有主动语态(the active voice)和被动语态(the passive voice)两种形式。如果主语是谓语动词的主宰，这就是主动语态；如果宾语成为动作的执行者，这就是被动
时 态构 成 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在完成时 现在进行时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去将来时 现在将来完成时 过去将来完成时be (am, is, are ) + done be (was, were) + done will (shall) + be + done have (has) + been + done be (am, is, are) + being +done be (was, were) + being + done had + been + done would + be + done shall (will) + have been + done should (would) + have been +done 二、被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”结构的区别 “be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 1、如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如: The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构) The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态) 2、如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如： The magazine is published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态) The door is locked.门锁着。(系表结构) The door has already/just been locked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态) The shop is opened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构) The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态) 3、被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。所以下列句子都是被动语态： The machine is being repaired. 机器正在修。 A new school will be built here. 这里将要建一所新学校。 4、常用的过去分词结构如下： 过去分词作形容词引出的介词不一定都是by, 因此我们许注意常用的固定搭配： be acquainted with be annoyed with be contented with be covered with be disgusted with be gratified with be satisfied with be exhausted with be ashamed of be beloved of be convinced of be made of be tired of be amazed at be astonished at be disappointed at be surprised at be terrified at be absorbed in be caught in be interested in be devoted to be known to be involved in 三、被动语态的考点 1、不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed It took place before liberation. After the fire, very little remained of my house. This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。 2、下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；let (出租)等。如： I was to blame for the accident. 那件事故我应该承担责任。 Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。 need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 有些常用经典被动句型： It is said that… 据说 … It is reported that… 据报道 … It is believed that… 大家相信 … It is hoped that… 大家希望 … It is well known that… 众所周知 … It is thought that… 大家认为 … It is suggested that… 据建议 … It is taken granted that…被视为当然 … It has been decided that… 大家决定 … It must be remember that…务必记住的是 … It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 四、被动语态强化练习 1. It’s politely requested by the hotel management that radios ____ after 10 o’clock at night. A. were not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play 2. Heating ____ into the students’ dormitories now. A. is putting B. is being put C. is been put D. has been putting 3. The world’s supplies of petroleum ____. A. have been gradually being exhausted B. have gradually exhausted C. are gradually exhausted D. are being gradually exhausted 4. The scientific study of the motion of heavenly bodies and the action of forces that change or cause motion ________ astronomics. A. call B. is called C. is calling D. called 5. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably. A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn 6. The exhibition of poor sportsmanship a sense of disgust in all who witnessed it. A. rose B. arose C. aroused D. raised 7. Your hair wants ____. You’d better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 8. They are all for your proposal that the seminar ____. A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put off 9. No sooner ____than the ship set sail. A. the goods was loaded B. had the goods been loaded C. loaded the goods D. the goods was being loaded. 10. While crossing the mountain areas, all the men had guns for protection lest they ___by the local bandits. A. be attacked B. were attacked C. must be attacked D. would be attacked 五、被动语态练习详解 1.【答案】C。 【解析】一些动词要求与虚拟语气的从句相配合。这些动词主要有：ask, advise, demand, desire, determine, decide, insist，maintain, propose, order, recommend, require, request, suggest 等。它们后面的从句的动词为should do, should可以省略。在被动语态中也是这样使用。 2.【答案】B。 【解析】此题考查被动语态的进行式:be+being+PP.(过去分词)。 3.【答案】D。 【解析】现在进行时可以表示一种现在暂时性的动作 (即指现阶段的供应情况，以后 供应情况怎样则不得而知 )。一般现在时则表示过去、现在、将来经常性的短缺。另外“exhaust”一词是及物动词。 4.【答案】B。 【解析】根据题干意义判断。 5.【答案】B。 【解析】英语中有些动词不使用被动结构，本身就表示被动意义。这些动词主要有：wear, feel, wash, sell, read等。 6.【答案】C。 【解析】同源动词辨析首先区分一下词性，A、B两词为不及物动词，C、D两词为及物动词。再区分各词的词义：A)rose “升起，起来；起床，上升，上涨 ”；B)arose“出现，产生，起来”；C)aroused“激起，引起”；D)raised “抬起，举起，提高；筹(钱)；抚养”。 7.【答案】C。 【解析】英语中有一些动词可跟主动形式的宾语表示被动含义，如：want，need，此时的主语一般为物；这些动词后面也可跟不定式的被动形式。 8.【答案】A。 【解析】虚拟式的被动结构。谓语动词用should+动词原形。注意这种句型中的虚拟语气形式不受主句动词时态的影响。 9.【答案】B。 【解析】倒装句的被动语态。no sooner位于句首时引起部分倒装句。No sooner...than 表示“一……就……”，主语的谓语动词用过去完成时，从句里谓语动词用一般过去时。所以答案只有B合适。 10.【答案】A 【解析】lest 后所接从句必须用be 型虚拟语气。因此，选项A是正确的。 |
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