第十节：句法结构_新浪教育

第十节：句法结构

http://www.sina.com.cn 2006/10/08 10:10 北京安通学校

　　句子一般分为简单句，并列句和复合句。复合句就是指有主、从句的句子。从句是指用于复合句中担当某个句子成份的主谓结构。虽然从句自身的句子结构是完整的，但不能将它视为独立的句子，因为它离开了主句就无法独立、完整地表达意思。因此按其所能表达的意义而言，从句只能相当于一个词或一个词组。其共同的特点是只能采用陈述结构，而不能使用倒装(也就是疑问句)结构。

　　英语中，从句主要有三大类：名词性从句、形容词性从句及副词性从句。下面我们分别介绍。

　　一、名词性从句

　　1、名词性从句的构成及句法特点

　　名词从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成分，主要包括主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句。其连接代词非为三类：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陈述句；2)有what引出的疑问句；3)有wh-等词引出的疑问句。第一类和第三类在引出主语从句时可以用形式主语it来代替。

　　2、主语从句

　　That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.

　　地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。

　　(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)

　　Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此时不能用if )

　　他来不来参加会议取决于他的老板。

　　(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)

　　Whoever says so is a liar. 谁这样说使就在撒谎。

　　What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.

　　学习外语你需要的是大量的练习。

　　What you have said is convincing. 你所说的令人信服。

　　Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我们在哪儿过夜是个问题。

　　(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)

　　When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.

　　2008年奥运会举行的时间和地点已经确定下来了。

　　(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.)

　　How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.

　　古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。

　　(= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.)

　　同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：

　　It is reported that… 椐报道 …

　　It must be pointed out that … 必须指出的是 …

　　It is likely that … 很可能的是 ..;.

　　It is a good thing that… 很好的是 …

　　It happens that … 碰巧的是 …

　　3、表语从句

　　that引出的表语从句里，that可以省略；whether有时也可用来引出表语从句，而一般不用if，但as if却可以。如：

　　My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我们需要更多的人手。

　　The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。

　　All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.

　　所有这一切过去20多年了，但似乎刚刚是昨天发生的一样。

　　4、同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点

　　同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。

　　The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.

　　我们的足球队最终击败了朝鲜队的消息令球迷们欢喜若狂。

　　The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比较-定语从句)

　　令球迷们欢喜若狂的消息是从收音机里播报的。

　　There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.

　　有充足的证据证明该城市的犯罪率在上升。

　　Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。

　　5、名词性从句的考点

　　1、考生要明确下列四个概念

　　1)名词从句通常由连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、连接副词(when, where, how, why)和连接词(that, if, whether)引出。

　　2)连接代词和连接副词不仅引出一个从句，而且还在从句中担任某个语法成分。

　　3)用连接代词和连接副词引出的名词从句前面不要再加that。

　　4)名词从句的语序一律用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序。

　　2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别

　　(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

　　(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：

　　The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)

　　The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)

　　3、what 和that引导名词性从句的差别

　　___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

　　A. What B.That C.How D. Where

　　【答案】 A。

　　【解析】很显然，本题是为了考查学生是否掌握了what 和that的实际含义及引导名词性从句时的用法差异而设定。那what 和that在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢？

　　1)当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句(不可引导同位语从句)；它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。

　　(1) what表示“所以……的(事)”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that……”、“all that……”、“that which……”、“everything that……”等。例如：

　　Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (what引导宾语从句，并作do的宾语。)

　　把它留给我，我来看看怎么做。

　　What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你所做的可能会给别人带来伤害。

　　What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他在会上说的令所有在场的人吃惊不小。

　　What is most important in life isn’t money. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。)

　　生活中最重要的不是钱。

　　But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你等着看我们能给你什么补偿。

　　What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他所想要看到的是结束世界上所有的军队。

　　(2)what 表示“所……的(人)”的意思，相当于“the person that……”等。例如：

　　He is not what he used to be. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)

　　他已经不是过去的他了。

　　She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)

　　她不是5年前的她了。

　　2)that

　　当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that 在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略(宾语从句除外)。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如：

　　It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引导主语从句)。

　　令她烦恼的是头发开始变得花白。

　　Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引导宾语从句) 在这样一个富有的国度里竟有这么多的穷人，你相信吗？

　　We heard the news that our team had won. (that引导同位语从句)

　　我听到我们队获胜的消息。

　　Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引导表语从句)

　　另一个问题是肥沃的土壤开始慢慢流失了。

　　But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引导表语从句)

　　一条亘古不变的真理就是人们都应该体贴残疾人，而不是体贴政府。

　　二、定语从句

　　1、定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词：

　　用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。

　　关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as

　　关系副词：when, where, why

　　2、关系代词的用法

　　(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：

　　All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在场的人都哭了。

　　(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：

　　He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他绝不是做这种事的人。

　　(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, , 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：

　　There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. 有700万人参加了这次竞选，其中大部分都受过良好教育。

　　(4) 非限制性定语从句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一个词，也可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：

　　He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

　　他比赛获胜，令他父母十分欣慰。

　　(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。

　　(6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：

　　The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.

　　(7) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：

　　Is there anyone here who will go with you?

　　3、关系副词引导的定语从句

　　关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。

　　He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了。

　　We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

　　我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。

　　I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因。

　　This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。

　　另外，that可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。

　　that有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。

　　Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.

　　His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

　　He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

　　他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

　　4、限制性和非限制性定语从句

　　1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：

　　This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

　　这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

　　2)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

　　他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

　　液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

　　5、As在定语从句中的用法

　　1)引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

　　(1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

　　(2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：

　　The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.

　　2)As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置

　　as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：

　　As is expected, the England team won the football match.

　　The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.

　　6、介词+关系代词的用法

　　“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构:

　　(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。

　　This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.

　　这就是我们讨论的那么多的问题。

　　This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.

　　这就是那位我们院长与之握手的外国客人。

　　(2) from where为 “介词＋关系副词“ 结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：

　　We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.

　　(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：

　　This is the boy whom she has taken care of.

　　He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.

　　他最终找到了他一早上一直在找的钢笔。

　　三、状语从句

　　1、概述

　　状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。

　　2、状语从句分类及常用连词：

　　类别　　　　　连词

　　时间状语从句　when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.

　　地点状语从句　where, wherever

　　原因状语从句　because, since, as, for, now that, etc.

　　目的状语从句　in order that, so that, that, etc.

　　结果状语从句　so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.

　　条件状语从句　if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.

　　让步状语从句　though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.

　　比较状语从句　as…as, so…as, than, etc.

　　方式状语从句　as, as if, as though, etc.

　　3、状语从句的句法功能及考点

　　1)时间状语从句

　　常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

　　特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

　　I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

　　直到我长大成人后才认识到我母亲是多么的与众不同。

　　While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

　　当约翰在看电视的时候，他妻子在煮饭。

　　The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard.

　　孩子一看到守卫立刻从果园里跑了。

　　No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

　　他们刚一到家就下起雨来了。

　　Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

　　每次我听从他的建议就会惹麻烦。

　　2)地点状语从句

　　常用引导词：where

　　特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

　　Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

　　一般说来，工厂多的地方

空气污染就严重。

　　Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你到哪去，都应该好好工作。

　　3)原因状语从句

　　常用引导词：because, since, as, since

　　特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as

　　My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

　　我朋友不喜欢我的原因是我长相英俊，事业有成。

　　Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

　　既然大家都到齐了，咱们就开会吧。

　　The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

　　高额的

个人所得税有害之处就在于它打击了人们多挣钱的努力。

　　Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

　　考虑到他还不到12岁，180公分的个子算是惊人。

　　4)目的状语从句

　　常用引导词：so that, in order that

　　特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

　　The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

　　老板让秘书抓紧写出信件这样他好签字。

　　The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

　　老师提高声音目的是让后排的学生能听清楚。

　　5)结果状语从句

　　常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,

　　特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

　　He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早为的是能赶上头班车。

　　It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. 这是一个好机会，我们不能让它溜走。

　　To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

　　他激动得昨夜都没睡好觉。

　　6)条件状语从句

　　常用引导词：if, unless,

　　特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

　　We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

　　如果总裁同意了，我们将立刻实施我们的计划。

　　You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定会成功。

　　Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

　　如果没人反对，我们就在那里举行会议。

　　7)让步状语从句

　　常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

　　特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

　　Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

　　尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。

　　The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

　　即使天气很恶劣，那老人也仍然喜爱游泳。

　　No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

　　不管他如何努力，她就是不改决心。

　　He won’t listen whatever you may say. 无论你说什么他都不听。

　　8)比较状语从句

　　常用引导词：as (同级比较), than (不同程度的比较)

　　特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

　　She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母亲一样脾气暴躁。

　　The house is three times as big as ours. 这房子是我们房子的三倍大。

　　The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越锻炼，身体就越健康。

　　Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

　　9)方式状语从句

　　常用引导词：as, as if, how

　　特殊引导词：the way

　　When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗。

　　She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的举止像是个老板。

　　Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

　　有时候我们教导孩子就像父母当年那样教导我们。

　　四、强调句

　　一、概述

　　强调句型是语法的一项重要内容，也是考试中的一个难点。尤其是其易与名词性从句、定语从句相混淆，就更增加了难度。现结合近年来的考试试题等剖析一下强调句型的考查热点，以期有助于大家克服这一难点。

　　强调句型是：It is + 被强调部分 + that .. 。该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。

　　It was on Monday night that all this happened. 所有这一切发生在周一晚上。

　　It’s me that he blamed. 他怪的是我。

　　二、强调句型的考察热点

　　1)考查对强调句型结构的识别

　　强调句型的基本结构形式为: It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom +句子的其余部分。如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态 (一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成/现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等), 用It is ... that ...。例如:

　　1)It is the ability to do the job________matters not where you come from or what you are.

　　A. one B. that C. what D. it

　　【答案】B。

　　【解析】如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态 (一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等), 则用It was ... that ...。例如:

　　2)It was between 1989 and 1999 ________ great changes took place in our hometown.

　　A. when B. that C. which D. because

　　【答案】B。

　　2)考查强调句型的疑问句式

　　变换句型是增加试题难度的手段之一, 强调句型结构本身就让学生“有些糊涂”, 若再使用其疑问式就更有些让学生“头疼”了。

　　一般疑问句式: Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?

　　特殊疑问句式: 特殊疑问词+is/was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?

　　3. Was________his illness________he didn’t go to see the film?

　　A. necessary; when B. that important of; why

　　C. even if; for D. it because of; that

　　【答案】D 。

　　4. Was________that I saw last night at the corner?

　　A. it you B. not you C. you D. that yourself

　　【答案】A。

　　3)考查强调句型的易错点

　　强调句型的学习、掌握中有很多难点,同时也是易错点, 这些容易出错的地方,也是各种考试考查的重点和热点。这些易错点有:

　　(1) 强调时间、地点、原因状语时, 通常只使用that, 而不能使用when, where, why。

　　7. It was because of bad weather________the football match had to be put off.

　　A. so B. so that C. why D. that

　　【答案】D。

　　【解析】以上三题均为强调句型, 分别强调时间状语(only when I reread his poems recently)、地点状语 (in Qingdao) 和原因状语 (because of bad weather), 均只能使用that。

　　(2) 当被强调的是not .. until句型时, 应将not置于until之前, 主句由否定句改为肯定句。

　　8. It was not until 1920________regular radio broadcast began.

　　A. while B. which C. that D. since

　　【答案】C。

　　(3)强调主语时, 谓语动词应与之保持一致。

　　【误】 It is I who/ that is going to be sent there to help them.

　　【正】 It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them.

　　4) 强调主语或宾语且其为人称代词时, 应注意其形式，仍用主格或宾格形式。

　　【误】It was her that told me about it.

　　【正】It was she that told me about it.

　　【误】It is I who the teacher has punished.

　　【正】It is me whom the teacher has punished.

　　4)考查强调句型与相关句型的辨析

　　强调句型极易与定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等相关句型混淆, 故考试也常考查这方面的内容。例如:

　　A. 与定语从句的辨析

　　9. Was it during the Second World War________he died?

　　A. that B. while C. in which D. then

　　【答案】A。

　　【解析】本题易错选C, 以为是定语从句修饰the Second World War。该题可还原为: He died during the Second World War.

　　B. 与名词性从句的辨析

　　10. It was ________ he said ________ disappointed me.

　　A. what; that B. that; that C. what; what D. that; what

　　【答案】A。

　　【解析】本题同时考查强调句型和名词性从句这两个知识点,学生易错选C,认为两处均为名词性从句。该题可还原为: What he said disappointed me.

　　C. 与状语从句的辨析

　　11. It was about 600 years ago________the first clock with an hour hand was made.

　　A. that B. until C. before D. when

　　【答案】A。

　　【解析】本题易错选C和D,认为是时间状语从句或定语从句。判断是否强调句型的一个简易方法是“还原法”, 即看其能否删除"It is/was...(that/who/whom)..."部分后还原为一个单句。能者则是,不能者则不是。该题可还原为: The first clock with a face and an hour hand was made about 600 years ago.

　　D. 与there be句型的辨析

　　12. ________is no possibility________Bob can win the first prize in the match.

　　A. There; that B. It; that C. There; whether D. It; whether A

　　【答案】A。

　　【解析】本题为there be句型,而非强调句型。that引导的为同位语从句, 作possibility的同位语。

　　五、平行结构

　　一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构

　　并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also), rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分，多是考试焦点。

　　1. 所连接的谓语形式必须一致

　　He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.

　　Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.

　　2. 所连接的词或短语形式必须一致

　　Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.

　　We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.

　　I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.

　　3. 连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致

　　Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.

　　He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.

　　4. 所连接的句子结构必须一致

　　She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.

　　The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.

　　二、某些特定的固定结构。

　　(1) 有些词后要用平行结构。例如：prefer sth to sth, prefer doing sth to doing sth, prefer to do sth rather than do sth。如：

　　I prefer rice to noodles.

　　I prefer watching TV to listening to music.

　　He preferred to die rather than surrender.

　　(2)有些结构中要用平行结构。例如：would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (宁可……也不……)

　　Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up.

　　I would as soon stay at home as go.

　　(3)比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。如：

　　Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.

　　A. as was B. than was C. than did D. as did (92.8)

　　[答案] C 比较句型 more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选(C)than did与之平行。

　　The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than-------

　　A. that of its mining and farming combined B. mining and farming combination

　　C. that mining and farming combined D. of its combination mining and farming

　　[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值(the annual worth) (A)中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。

　　三、What … is / was … 结构常用来强调主语或宾语，在这种结构中，is/ was后面是强调的部分。例如：

　　What hurts is my left leg.

　　What I like is her style.

　　六、句法结构强化练习

　　1. ___________ is still a controversial issue.

　　A. If he is the right person for the job B. That he is the right person for the job

　　C. Whether he is the right person for the job D. He is the right person for the job

　　2. They talked about things and persons ____ they remembered in the school.

　　A. who B. which C. that D. what

　　3. The Latin class had twenty students, ____ had had much better language training than I.

　　A. most of which B. which C. most of them D. most of whom

　　4. The establishment of the company shall start from the day ____ the business license of the company is issued.

　　A. which B. on which C. in which  D. whenever

　　5. You ________ me because I didn't say that.

　　A. must misunderstand B. must be misunderstanding

　　C. must have misunderstood D. had to misunderstand

　　6. Hardly had the minister finished his statement ___________ several reporters raised their hands and put forward a string of questions.

　　A. when B. as C. then D. than

　　7. ___________the letter, I ran out of the room to the post office.

　　A. After I had finished for B. No sooner that I had finished up

　　C. As soon as I finished writing D. Since I finished up to write

　　8. California’s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ________ any other state.

　　A. that exceeded B. exceeded that

　　C. exceeded that of D.that exceeded of

　　9. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ________ a politician.

　　A.such B. more C. as D. than

　　10. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.

　　A. the stress it is greater B. greater is the stress

　　C. greater stress is D. the greater the stress

　　七、句法结构练习详解

　　1.【答案】C。

　　【解析】A. if引导条件状语从句，不合题意；B. that引导名词从句，但“that”是引导词，不做任何成分，此句意思肯定，即“他是工作的合适人选”与后面的“controversial”相矛盾；C. whether 引导名词从句，“是否”，合乎题意；D. 是B句中 “that” 的省略，也不对。

　　2.【答案】C。

　　【解析】定语从句中的关系代词 that常用于下列几种情况：1)先行词中含有人和物时；2)先行词为anything, everything, all等不定代词；3)先行词被any, no, every, little, much所修饰；4)先行词被序数词所修饰时；5)先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时。

　　3.【答案】D。

　　【解析】当非限定性从句修饰物时，应该用 which引导从句,但当其修饰人时，应该用 who,whom或whose。A和B选项不符合此原则。C选项前应改为句号才对。

　　4.【答案】B。

　　【解析】这是个主从复合句，从句需要一个含 day在内的时间状语，特指的一天，其前应用介词on。

　　5.【答案】C。

　　【解析】must+have+过去分词：表示对过去发生的事情的有把握的肯定猜测。must+动词原形：表示对现在发生的事情的猜测。must+be+doing：表示对现在正进行的动作或在此刻前一直在进行的动作的猜测。

　　6.【答案】A。

　　【解析】Hardly…when是固定关联词组,意为 “一……就……” 类似的有: scarlely…when, no sooner…than, 因此正确答案为A。

　　7.【答案】C。

　　【解析】finish为及物动词，往往后边直接跟名词、代词或动名词，表示做完某项事或完成某项动作，故此句只有选C正确。此外，即使使用no sooner，但如果置于句首，谓语也必须倒装。因此本题答案为C。

　　8.【答案】C。

　　【解析】动词exceeded (超过)要求比较的内容相当。C. 代词that用以指代比较的内容 “farm output”。

　　9.【答案】C。

　　【解析】动词rival (比得上)要求比较二项结构相等。

　　10.【答案】D。

　　【解析】The less the surface 与答案D. the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。

　　六、词汇、语法综合测验80题

　　1. He just cannot _____ to the different life style here in America.

　　A. alter B. modify C. adapt D. adopt

　　2. The tourist will be prevented from entering a country if he does not have ______ passport.

　　A. an operative B. a valid  C. an efficient D. an effective

　　3. The English language contains a(n)________of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.

　　A. altitude B. latitude  C. multitude D. attitude

　　4. So forcefully _______ that we were all convinced.

　　A. he did speak  B. he spoke  C. did he speak  D. that he spoke

　　5. The only thing _______ really matters to the children is how soon they can return to their aunt and uncle’s farm.

　　A. that B. what  C. which D. this

　　6. Though she is getting on in years, she still has a ________ fear of the dark.

　　A. childlike B. childish  C. naive D. juvenile

　　7. Some old people don’t like pop songs because they can’t ________ so much noise.

　　A. resist B. sustain  C. tolerate D. undergo

　　8. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only ________ to his confusion.

　　A. extended B. amounted  C. added D. turned

　　9. Who is a ________ personnel at present? 

　　A. in the charge of  B. under charge of  C. under the charge of  D. in charge of

　　10. American women were ______ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.

　　A. ignored B. neglected  C. refused D. denied 

　　11. All imported wine were made to pay heavy _________. 

　　A. fees B. duties C. prices D. money

　　12. The flight was supposed to take off at nine o’clock but __________ we had to wait until ten.

　　A. in effect B. for result C. for an end D. on purpose

　　13. ________ difficult it is to surmount the obstacles, we’re bound to achieve our goal.

　　A. As B. How C. So D. However

　　14. If you _______ my advice, you ________ your failure now. You _______ your victory.

　　A. took ... wouldn’t cry over ... would celebrate

　　B. had taken ... wouldn’t have cried over ... would have celebrated

　　C. had taken ... aren’t crying over ... are celebrating

　　D.had taken ... wouldn’t be crying over ... would be celebrating

　　15. He has won the first place, _______ is clear from the expressions on his face.

　　A. that B. as C. what D. when

　　16. His response was _______ that he didn’t say yes and he didn’t say no.

　　A. so B. what C. what D. such

　　17. Little kids are OK most of the time. But sometimes can become a real _______. 

　　A. difficulty B. nuisance C. worry D. anxiety

　　18. His downfall is ____ to other factors than this.

　　A. contributable B. attributable C. deducible D. responsible

　　19. I think you should go to see a doctor, who may ____ to you proper medicine so that you can recover faster.

　　A. prescribe B. subscribe C. submit D. prohibit

　　20. It pains us to see that our environment is ________. 

　　A. degenerating B. deteriorating C. declining D. depressing

　　21. The age of the students in this class _______ from eighteen to twenty.

　　A. changes B. alters C. ranges D. limits

　　22. After finishing the paper, he _______ himself to have a good rest.

　　A. extended B. stretched C. spread D. reached

　　23. They talked about things and persons ________ they remembered in the school.

　　A. who B. which C. that D. what

　　24. The conversation was so interesting that we were ________ of the lateness of the hour.

　　A. negligible B. inattentive C. irrelevant D. oblivious

　　25. People usually ______ certain foods by keeping them in a refrigerator or freezer.

　　A. store B. hold C. keep D. preserve

　　26. He wondered ________.

　　A. what would his wife’s reaction be B. how would be his wife’s reaction

　　C. what will be his wife’s reaction D. what his wife’s reaction would be

　　27. ______ I like the colour of the hat, I do not like its shape.

　　A. While B. If C. When D. Because

　　28. Did he tell you what ________ if he had a chance?

　　A. was he going to do B. he would do C. be had done D. had to do

　　29. I’d rather you ______ make any comment on the issue for the time being. 

　　A. don’t B. wouldn’t C. didn’t D. shouldn’t

　　30. All things _______, the planned trip will have to be called off.

　　A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered

　　31. He was a man of fine character in all points _______ he was rather timid.

　　A. except for B. except that C. but for D. but

　　32. How can you be _______ to the suffering of starving people?

　　A. indifferent B. inevitable C. peculiar D. vigorous

　　33. The closure of the large factory made many workers live in _______.

　　A. inability B. laziness C. idleness D. property

　　34. ______ that it was made into a film.

　　A. So great the success of the book was B. So successful the book was

　　C. So the book was successful D. So great was the success of the book

　　35. Unless economic conditions improve next year, _______ widespread unrest in the United States.

　　A. there will be B. there would be C. there should be D. there is 

　　36. Francis Preston Blair, Jr._______ born in Kentucky,lived and practiced law in Missouri.

　　A. was B. he was C. although D. who he was

　　37. The government has decreed that the gasoline tax _______. 

　　A. is to be abolished B. should abolishC. were abolished D. be abolished

　　38. There was a terrible noise ________ the sudden burst of light.

　　A. followedB. followingC. to be followedD. being followed

　　39. ______, liquids can be changed into gases.

　　A. HeatingB. To be heatedC. HeatedD. Heat

　　40. ______ a reply, he decided to write again.

　　A. Not receiving　　B. Receiving notC. Not having receivedD. Having not received　　

　　41. The tutor asked his students to leave a wide ________ when typing their essays.

　　A. border B. column C. surrounding D. margin

　　42. I picked up the apples, _______ were badly bruised.

　　A. some which B. some C. some of those D. some of which

　　43. He was appointed on the ______ of the commander.

　　A. recommendation B. approval C. signature D. protection

　　44. _______ been asked to sing an English song.

　　A. Never before have I B. Before have I never C. Have never I D. I never have

　　45. _____ is no reason for discharging him.

　　A. Owing to a few minutes being late B. Due to a few minutes late

　　C. Because be was a few minutes late D. The fact that he was a few minutes late

　　46. She has made _______ of a name for herself in the world of tennis.

　　A. anybody B. something C. somebody D. sometimes

　　47. Why is ________ you are so late for the class?

　　A. it that B. that is C. it D. that

　　48. ______ would welcome such a chance..

　　A. Many man B. A many men C. Many a man D. Many a men

　　49. Between 1974 and 1997，the number of overseas visitors expanded _______ 27%.

　　A. by B. for C. to D. in

　　50. Some women ______ a good salary in a job instead of staying home，but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.

　　A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made

　　51. His watch _______. I’ll go and call him.

　　A. must be stopped B. was to be stopped　

　　C. stopped D. must haven stopped

　　52. Cars moved very slowly in the 1930s, but they ____ move more quickly than in the 1920s.

　　A. were to B. did C. will D. can

　　53. Many a time _______ not to play with fire but he turns a deaf ear to the warnings.

　　A. the child being told B. the child has been told

　　C. has been told the child D. has the child been told

　　54. The innocent young man was ________ of robbing the bank.

　　A. sentenced B. charged C. accused D. punished

　　55. People should behave ________ on such a solemn occasion.

　　A. respectedly B. respectfully C. respectingly D. respectively

　　56. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.

　　A. due to B. with regard to C. but for D. in spite of

　　57. I ______ at home to look after my sick mother.

　　A.can’t help stay B.can’t help staying

　　C.cannot help but stay D.cannot help but staying

　　58. If this kind of animal becomes _______, our future generation won’t even have a chance to see it.

　　A. little B. scarce C. rare D. short

　　59. I take it for granted that he must be sentenced________. 

　　A. to die B. death C. to death D. dead

　　60. ______ is still a controversial issue.

　　A. If he is the right person for the job B. That he is the right person for the job

　　C. Whether he is the right person for the job D. He is the right person for the job

　　61. Though badly damaged by fire, the palace was eventually ______ to its original splendour.

　　A.repaired B.renewed C.restored D.renovated

　　62. I don’t think I know the girl with long hair although she ________ me of someone I know.

　　A.remembers B.recalls C.suggests D.reminds

　　63. ________ their suggestions, we will discuss them fully at the next meeting.

　　A.In regard for B.In regard to C.With regard of D.Regardless for

　　64. I found myself completely _______ by his vivid performance.

　　A.carried out B.carried off C.carried away D.carried on

　　65. _______ these changes we must revise our plan.

　　A.In the course of B.In the light of C.In spite of D.In addition to

　　66. A cold is nothing to you _______ it is merely a cold; but it sometimes becomes a danger.

　　A.no matter B.as well as C.so long as D.so far as

　　67. The seeing-eye dog was the blind man’s _______ companion.

　　A.continual B.consistent C.constant D.continuous

　　68. Sally’s score on the exam is the lowest in the class. She _______ hard.

　　A.should have studied B.must have to study

　　C.must have studied D.needn’t have studied

　　69. In his poems, he compared his little daughter ______ a flower.

　　A.by B.to C.for D.as

　　70. Mr Brown is a ______ old man and all his neighbours are _______ to him.

　　A. respectful…respectable B. respectable…respective

　　C. respectable…respectful D. respective…respectable

　　71. So frightened _______ in darkness that she did not dare to move an inch.

　　A. was the girl B. the girl was C. such a girl was D. that the girl was

　　72. The potato crop of 1946 was _______ that of 1945.

　　A. superior than B. superior to C. more superior to D. more superior than

　　73. ______, the more necessary it is to break it up into a number of parts which the reader can visualize.

　　A. The more complex a subject becomes B. The more becomes a subject complex

　　C. A subject becomes the more complex D. The more subjects become essential

　　74. I wish Bill would drive us to the train station but he has _______ to take us all.

　　A. very small a car B. too small a car C. a too small car D. such a small car

　　75. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ____ situation.

　　A. similar B. alike  C. same D. likely

　　76. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool with out his parents’______.  A. command B. conviction  C. consent D. compromise

　　77. Too much _______ to X-rays can cause skin burns , cancer of other damage to the body.

　　A. disclosure B. exhibition  C. contact D. exposure

　　78. _______ you may be right, I can’t altogether agree.

　　A. As B. While C. If D. Since

　　79. If he had visited me in Beijing, I _______ him to see the sights.

　　A. had taken B. will take  C. would take D. would have taken

　　80. ______, the book has many mistakes.

　　A. Having not been written carefully  B. Not writing carefully

　　C. Having written not carefully  D. Not having been written carefully

　　七、综合测验80题详解

　　1.【答案】C。

　　【解析】alter表示“改变，改装，修改”,名词为alteration；modify表示“修改，修饰”，名词为modification；adapt表示 “使适应，改编”，名词为adaptation；adopt表示“采纳，收养”，名词为adoption。

　　2.【答案】B。

　　【解析】valid是法律用，表示“有效的，正当的”。operative表示“有效果的，能运转的”。efficient表示“能干的，生效的，”强调效率高。effective表示“有效果的，被实施的”，强调有效性。

　　3.【答案】C。

　　【解析】multitude表示“大量，多数”；altitude 表示“高度，海拔”；latitude表示“纬度”；attitude表示“态度，姿态”。

　　4.【答案】C。

　　【解析】在so...that...结构中，如果把so 置于句首，主句则要求用倒装语序。such...that...的结构用法与so...that...相同。此外，否定词及含否定意义的词如little, few等放于句首，句子也用倒装结构。如Little does he be know about it, 他对此几乎一无所知。

　　5.【答案】A。

　　【解析】此句从句为定语从句，可有两个关系代词，即that 和which，但主句中先行词受到only的修饰，因此只能选A。

　　6.【答案】B。

　　【解析】childlike指像孩子一样天真的，诚实的，中性词； childish指孩子所特有的，幼稚的，傻气的，带贬义； naive指天真的，幼稚的；朴素的，朴实的，褒义词； juvenile指青少年特有的，适合青少年的，中性词。

　　7.【答案】C。

　　【解析】resist指抵抗，反抗，对抗，抵制，抗拒(一些不好的东西，并带有强烈的感情色彩)；sustain指支撑，承受住；忍受，经得住(不好的东西，如：打击，考验等)；tolerate指忍受，宽恕，默认(不好的东西的存在)；undergo指经历，经受，忍受，强调过程。

　　8.【答案】C。

　　【解析】此处四个词均可与介词to搭配，但搭配后的意义完全不同，extend to指延伸至；amount to指合计，总共达；相当于，等于；add to指增添，做加法；turn to指转向某人寻求帮助，只有add to符合题意。

　　9.【答案】D。

　　【解析】in the charge of指在某人的掌管、控制下，后跟人，此人为主控；under charge of同under the charge of指在某人的掌管(看管)下，后跟人，此人为主控；in charge of主管，掌管，看管，后跟物。此处personnel(人事部)为一个部门，因此答案为in charge of。

　　10.【答案】D。

　　【解析】ignore不顾，忽视；neglect不被重视；忽视；refuse拒绝；deny拒绝给与。根据句意：妇女的选举权不是被忽视，而是被剥夺，故排除A、B；refuse常用的结构

　　是：refuse to do，不符合本题。deny相当于refuse to give，后面常接双宾语。四个选项中只有D正确。

　　11.【答案】B。

　　【解析】fee费，尤指学费、会费等；duty税，尤指海关所收取的进口税等。此处要尤其注意duty一词的这个特殊含义。

　　12.【答案】A。

　　【解析】in effect实际上；on purpose故意。result常用于as a result(结果)短语中；end常用于in the end(最终地；终于)短语中。

　　13.【答案】D。

　　【解析】A. as 引导让步状语从句时，将从句的补语或状语置于句首，如“Difficult as it is to…”，B. how “多么地”，引导感叹句；C. so表示“因此，因而”；D. however “无论如何，不管怎样”，根据句意，D正确。

　　14.【答案】D。

　　【解析】当主句与从句时态不一致时，主句与从句分别使用与各自时态相应的虚拟语气。此句中从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反，因而选项D正确。

　　15.【答案】B。

　　【解析】此句是定语从句，关系代词代的是前面整个句子，即“He has won the 1st place.”四个选项中C、D都不是关系代词，选项A虽是关系代词，但不引导非限制性关系分句。

　　16.【答案】D。

　　【解析】句子中包含结果状语从句。such 后可直接跟that分句表示结构，这时such 是代词，一般用于主系表结构中。例如：His diligence was such that he made great progress.

　　17.【答案】B。

　　【解析】A. difficulty 困境，困难；B. nuisance 讨厌的(事、物、人…)；C. worry 担忧，烦恼;D. anxiety 焦虑，担心。根据句义，选项B正确。

　　18.【答案】B。

　　【解析】A. contributable 值得奉献的；B. attributable 可归属的，常有be～to 可归因于…；C. deducible 可推断的；D. responsible 负责任的，常有be～for sth. 对…负责任。根据句义，选项B正确。

　　19.【答案】A。

　　【解析】A. prescribe 开处方，开药方；B. subscribe 签署；订阅；subscribe to an opinion 同意某一意见；C. submit 使服从，使受到，呈送，提交；subject to…甘受，屈服；D. prohibit 禁止 prohibit sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事，根据句义，选项A正确。

　　20.【答案】B。

　　【解析】A. degenerate 堕落，蜕化，退化(into); B. deteriorate 恶化；变质；C. decline 衰退，衰落；下降；D. depress 使萧条，使沮丧。根据句子，选项B正确。

　　21.【答案】C。

　　【解析】A. change (发生)变化，改变；B. alter 变样，改变；C. range (在一定范围内)变动，变化，常有range from…to…；D. limit 限制，限定，根据句子，选项C正确。

　　22.【答案】B。

　　【解析】stretch oneself，固定搭配，意为“伸直身子，伸懒腰”；故为正确答案。

　　23.【答案】C。

　　【解析】定语从句中的关系代词 that常用于下列几种情况：1)先行词中含有人和物时； 2)先行词为anything, everything, all等不定代词；3)先行词被any, no, every, little, much所修饰；4)先行词被序数词所修饰时；5)先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时。

　　24.【答案】D。

　　【解析】negligible无关重要的；inattentive不注意的，忽视的，指不能将注意力集中在某一点上；irrelevant不相干的，无关的；oblivious忘记的，不注意的，由于深思、没有注意到而忘记的，忽略了的。

　　25.【答案】D。

　　【解析】store储存，指储存起来以便以后使用；hold 保持，指某一物体保持在某一位置或状态；keep保持，指把某物保持一段时间；preserve保存，保藏，指安全地保存好某物或保存某物不使其被用完。

　　26.【答案】D。

　　【解析】宾语从句中要用陈述句语序，所以只能选D。

　　27.【答案】A。

　　【解析】 while在这里的意思是although (虽然)。除此之外while 作连词还可以表示“当……时候”, 或 “而(whereas)”。

　　28.【答案】B。

　　【解析】在tell you的后面是一个宾语从句，而在这个宾语从句中用的是过去将来时；第二，在从句中一切句子结构都必须采用陈述句序，而不能使用倒装句。明白这两点就不难做出正确选择了。

　　29.【答案】C。

　　【解析】本题测试 “would rather” 的用法。句中的 “would rather” 要求从句中使用过去式，故C正确。

　　30.【答案】A。

　　【解析】句中空格后没有宾语，consider为及物动词，可先排除C，D两项。B项为动词原形，只能用在虚拟句中。A项为过去分词，构成独立结构，正确。

　　31.【答案】B。

　　【解析】except for+名词或名词性短语，except that+从句；but for+名词或名词性短语，but that+从句，因此选B。

　　32.【答案】A。

　　【解析】indifferent不感兴趣，漠不关心，惯用法：be indifferent to sth./sb., inevitable不可避免的；peculiar独特的，特有的，惯用搭配为：be peculiar to; vigorous强有力的，精力充沛的。根据句意分析，正确答案为A。

　　33.【答案】C。

　　【解析】inability无能, 无力量；laziness懒惰；idleness空闲，闲散；property财产。根据句意分析，正确答案为C。

　　34.【答案】D。

　　【解析】so great提前，句子部分倒装，因此选D。

　　35.【答案】A

　　【解析】unless 引导条件状语从句，从句中用一般现在时表示将来，因此主句用一般将来时。

　　36.【答案】C。

　　【解析】省略了he was。

　　37.【答案】D

　　【解析】deree后边由that引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气，“(should)+动词。宾语从句中主语 gasoline tax 和“废除”应是被动关系，故应用动词的被动语态。据以上分析，D.符合要求是正确答案。

　　38.【答案】B。

　　【解析】由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。

　　39.【答案】C。

　　【解析】现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…

　　40.【答案】C。

　　【解析】根据题意判断，分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.

　　41.【答案】D。

　　【解析】margin页边空白；border边界；column栏目；surrounding周围。故D为正确答案。

　　42.【答案】D。

　　【解析】some of which 意为 “其中的一些……” 引导的定语从句修饰apples，对其补充说明。

　　43.【答案】A。

　　【解析】recommendation 推荐，介绍，on the recommendation of (sb)由(某人)推荐。B.approval赞同，认可，with the approval of ...经……批准，得到……的赞同。C.signature 签字，署名。D.protection 保护，保卫。

　　44.【答案】A。

　　【解析】B.Before have I never 不能用倒装语序，排除。C.Have never I, 语序错误。D.I never have,never位置错误。A.Never before have I, 否定副词never置于句首，句子语序倒装，结构正确，为正确答案。

　　45.【答案】D。

　　【解析】根据句子结构分析，此处应填入可作主语的词、短语或从句。A.为现在分词短语，可作原因状语，但不可作主语。B.中due to 引导的短语，可作句子的表语及原因状语，不可做主语。C.中because 引起的原因状语从句，不可引导主语从句。D中的中心词是 fact，名词可做主语，that引导一个同位语从句解释说fact。用于此处符合要求，因此D项是正确答案。

　　46.【答案】C。

　　【解析】make somebody of a name for (someone)使某人成名。anybody用于否定句中，其它两项均无此搭配。而something of 表示“有点(成分)”。

　　47.【答案】A。

　　【解析】A。it that, it作句子形式主语。

　　48.【答案】C。

　　【解析】C。Many a man 很多人。many a+可数名词单数形式，表示很多，结构正确，是答案。A. Many man, many后应接可数名词复数形式。B. A many man 结构错误 D. Many a men, many a 后不能用复数形式。

　　49.【答案】A。

　　【解析】介词by 表示“增加了”，而介词to则表示“增加到”，由句意可得知应该是A选项正确。

　　50.【答案】D。

　　【解析】目的是考察情态动词+完成时的结构：情态动词could+have done表示对过去所发生的事“能够”；而should+have done的结构表示对过去应该完成而未完成的事批评、指责等意义。

　　51.【答案】D。

　　【解析】考点为属于情态动词+完成时的结构，表示对过去发生的动作进行推测、怀疑、肯定等意义。

　　52.【答案】B。

　　【解析】考点为强调句型。谓语的强调使用的是do+动词原形，B为正确答案。其它三项从语法和意义方面讲都不符合本题：were to表示的是过去将来时；will表示的是一般将来时；can通常表示现在的一种情况。

　　53.【答案】D。

　　【解析】此句中“but”是并列连词，连结两个并列句，因而“but”前面应是一个分句，选项A可排除。状语 “many a time” 放在句首，句子要倒装。选项D是正确的。

　　54.【答案】C。

　　【解析】A. sentence 宣判，判决，常用短语“be sentenced to… “被判处…”；B. charge 控告，指控，短语be charged with…“指控为…”；C. accuse 指挥，指责，短语accuse sb. of…“指控某人某罪”；D. punish 惩罚，只有选项C与介词of连用，表示指控。

　　55.【答案】B。

　　【解析】respectedly 来源于“respected”，不常用；respectfully表示“恭敬地，尊敬地”；respectingly 可能来源于“respecting”，不常用；respectively 各自地，分别地。选项B合乎句意。

　　56.【答案】A。

　　【解析】due to由于，应归于；with regard to关于；but for要不是，起连词的作用；in spite of不管。题中所涉及的是原因，A为正确答案。

　　57.【答案】C。

　　【解析】cannot help doing禁不住，为固定搭配：cannot help but do sth.不得不做……，为固定搭配。根据句意可知C为正确答案。

　　58.【答案】B。

　　【解析】A. little 少，不多的，与much相对，倾向于否定；B. scarce “稀有的，稀少的”；常指物质的缺少，含有从前多，现在变为稀少之义；C. rare “稀少的，罕有的”指不常见、稀有难得的东西，常含有珍贵的意味；D. short 短缺，不足的。根据句义，选项B正确。

　　59.【答案】C。

　　【解析】be sentenced to death为固定搭配，意为“被宣判死刑”。故C为正确答案。

　　60.【答案】C。

　　【解析】A. if引导条件状语从句，不合题意；B. that引导名词从句，但“that”是引导词，不做任何成分，此句意思肯定，即 “他是工作的合适人选” 与后面的 “controversial” 相矛盾；C. whether 引导名词从句，“是否”，合乎题意；D. 是B句中“that”的省略，也不对。

　　61.【答案】C。

　　【解析】restore恢复(健康)；复职；(把建筑物，家俱、艺术品等)恢复原状。A. repaire修理，不能与建筑物搭配使用。B. renew更换；更新，只可表示精力的恢复，或更换旧物，而不是使原来的东西改变面貌。D. renovate翻新；修理；强调在原有的基础上进行改造，使之面貌一新。但renovate不能和表达到某一程度的介词“to”搭配，而restore常与介词“to”搭配使用，所以C为正确选项。

　　62.【答案】D。

　　【解析】remind使回想起；提醒，常用于“remind sb.of sth. 使某人回想起……”结构中。A. remember记住，记得。B. recall回想起。C. suggest建议；表明。A、B、C项均不能用于…sb. of sth.结构中。

　　63.【答案】B。

　　【解析】in regard to /of 关于……，为固定搭配，所以A在形式上就不成立。with regard to 也可以表示“关于……”，但不能用介词“of”来代替“to”，因此可以排除C。regardless of 不注意，不关心；不顾：regardless of wind or rain风雨无阻。所以D项在搭配上也不正确。

　　64.【答案】C。

　　【解析】carry away 吸引住；使激动得失去控制，多用于被动语态：He was carried away by his success.他被成功冲晕了头脑。A. carry out执行；完成；实现。B. carry off 拿走，夺走。D. carry on 继续，进行。

　　65.【答案】B。

　　【解析】in the light of 鉴于；根据：take actions in the light of actual situations根据实际情况采取行动。A. in the course of 在……期间，在……过程中的。C. in spite of 不顾。D. in addition to 除……之外，相当于besides。

　　66.【答案】C。

　　【解析】so long as只要……，用作连词，正符合句意。A. no matter一般不单独使用，而应与what, which, when, where等疑问副词连用，表示“无论……”。B. as well as 也，又：He is kind as well as generous.他既善良又大方。D. so far as 远到，至于：so far as I know就我所知。

　　67.【答案】C。

　　【解析】constant永恒的，忠实的。A.continual连续的；不间断的。B.consistent(人，行为)一致的；经常的；一贯的。D.continuous持续不断的。从题意中可看出“companion(伴侣)”是“忠实的”。

　　68.【答案】A。

　　【解析】实际情况是莎莉成绩最差，那么说明她以前没认真学习。用“should+完成时态”表示过去应该做而没有做到的情况。

　　69.【答案】B。

　　【解析】此题“compare”为关键词，常用于“compare A to B(把A比喻成B)”结构中，或“compare A with B(比较A和B)”结构中，故B为正确选项。

　　70.【答案】C。

　　【解析】respectful尊敬人的; respectable受人尊敬的, 值得人尊敬的; respective个别的;responsible有责任的。此句意为 “布朗先生是一位值得尊敬的老人,邻居们都很尊他。” 显然C是正确的。

　　71.【答案】A。

　　【解析】以副词so, often, always, then, now等开头的句子要用倒装词序。

　　72.【答案】B。

　　【解析】be superior to比……好，比……优越，意同be better than。-or是拉丁语形容词比较级词尾，带此尾的形容词因已经是比较级，故其前不需再加more构成比较级。除superior外，带此尾的形容词还有：inferior to (比……)差的；junior年小的；senior年长的；prior较先的；major较大的；minor较小的等。带-or的形容词用于结构：形容词+(i)or+to…，其中的to相当于英语中的than。

　　73.【答案】A。

　　【解析】表示“越……越……”, 用比较级句式：the+比较级…the+比较级…。注意：当比较级修饰名词、形容词或副词时，这些名词、形容词或副词要一起移到前面去。根据此原则，A正确。

　　74.【答案】B。

　　【解析】too后接形容词和名词时,名词前必须有不定冠词, 这一结构的词序为: too+adj.+a/an+n.如: how strange a person, so warm a day因此, A, C词序不对; D项单独看是正确的,但与后面的to搭配时, 与转折连词but无逻辑联系。

　　75.【答案】A。

　　【解析】similar表示“相似的，相同的”。alike表示“相同的，相像的”，只能作句子的表语，不能作定语修饰名词。same表示“相同，完全一致，没有差别的”，需与the连用。likely表示“似真的，可能的，有希望的”，不合句意。

　　76.【答案】C。

　　【解析】consent表示 “同意，允诺，赞成”；command表示 “命令，指挥，指令”；conviction表示 “确信，确定”；compromise表示 “妥协，让步”。

　　77.【答案】D。

　　【解析】exposure表示“暴露，裸露”。如受……的照射，不加防护地接触

病毒、污染等。disclosure表示“揭发，揭露”。exhibition表示“展示，展现”，指正式的展览。contact表示“接触，触摸”。

　　78.【答案】B。

　　【解析】根据本句中两个分句的意思关系，可以推断出两者是转折关系。as和since在此处，while相当于although。as作“尽管，虽然”之意，只能用于倒装句型中。

　　79.【答案】D。

　　【解析】此题中，从句时态为过去完成时，主句时态应为过去将来完成时，即would have taken，其他选项均不符合虚拟语气中的时态的要求。

　　80.【答案】D。

　　【解析】句子的逻辑主语为书，它与动词写之间的关系为动宾关系，因此分词应为被动态，可先排除答案B，A和C形式上对了，但语序错了，not修饰分词时应放在分词的前面。