第三课主要构词法及重点

　　本课主要构词法

　　Affixation　　(词缀法)

　　1. 反意词前缀un- 　　　unusual，unwilling

　　2. 形容词后缀-y 　　　salty

　　3. 名词后缀-or 　　　sailor

　　Compounding 　　(合词法)

　　1. 复合名词 　　　highway，steamship，airplane

　　2. 复合形容词 　　　mid-Atlantic，eastward

　　本课简介

　　The Atlantic Ocean向读者介绍了有关大西洋的情况。我们可以了解航行大西洋的过去和现在，也可以了解大西洋“制造”出来的世界之最。

　　本课主要语言点

　　1. The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.

　　在表示河流，海洋，群岛，沙漠等地理名称的名词前，以及以复数形式出现的国名前要用定冠词，例如：the Yellow River(黄河)，the Pacific Ocean(太平洋)，the British Isles (不列颠群岛)，the Sahara(撒哈拉沙漠)，the Alps(阿尔卑斯山脉)， the Philippines (菲列宾)

　　在表示某一座山，岛屿或某一个湖时不用定冠词，例如：Yellow Mountain(黄山)，Lake Erie(伊利湖)，Hainan Island(海南岛)

　　one of +复数名词是英语中常见的用法，请翻译下面的句子：

　　She is one of the most hardworking students in our class.　(她是我们班学习最刻苦的学生之一。)

　　Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in the world.(上海是世界最大的城市之一。)

　　印度是世界上人口最多的国家之一。　(India is one of the countries with the largest population in the world.)

　　尼罗河是世界上最长的河流之一。(Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world.)

　　在one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句的结构中，定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词，因此该从句中的谓语要用复数形式。例如：

　　This is one of the best novels that have been published this year.　(这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。)

　　Mr. Smith is one of those men who always think they are right.

　　(史密斯先生属于那些总是认为自己正确的人。)

　　He is not one of those who bow before difficulties.(他不是那种在困难面前低头的人。)

　　但是在the only one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句的结构中，定语从句应该被看成修饰单数名词。例如：

　　He was the only one of the boys who was praised by the teacher.　(他是男孩中唯一受到老师表扬的。)

　　Helen is the only one of those girls who doesn't wear make-up.　(海伦是那些女孩中唯一不化妆的。)

　　separate from是常用词组，在句子中的意思是“(使)分离，(使)分开”，请翻译下面的句子：

　　1)英吉利海峡把英法两国隔开。(The English Channel separates England from France.)

　　2)理论不应该脱离实际。(Theory should not be separated from practice.)

　　the Old world指欧，亚，非三洲，有时仅指欧洲。the New (World) 指哥伦布发现的美洲大陆。

　　2. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.

　　for centuries 意为“许多世纪”。在英语中用介词for加表示时间的复数名词的表达形式很常见。请翻译下面的句子：

　　1)I haven't seen you for days. How is everything？(多日不见，一切都好吗？)

　　2)I haven't seen him for years， I am sure he has changed a lot.　(我多年没见到他了，他一定变了不少。)

　　3)It seems I have been waiting for you for centuries. Where have you been？

　　(我似乎等了你几个世纪了，你去哪儿了？)

　　keep… from doing 是习惯用法，意思是“使…不…”。

　　例如：It is really not easy to keep Father from smoking.(要使父亲不抽烟真不容易。)

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1)Heavy fog kept the ships from being discovered by the enemy.　(大雾使得船只未被敌人发现。)

　　2)We had no way to keep him from getting involved in the matter.　(我们没有办法使他不卷入那事件中去。)

　　3)那种药使他的咳嗽不再加剧。　(The medicine keeps his cough from getting more serious.)

　　4)当地人的保守思想使得那个地方不能快速发展。

　　(The local people's conservative mind keeps that place from developing rapidly.)

　　3. Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.

　　make sb. unwilling to do sth. 意为“使得某人不愿做某事”。例如：His indifference to work made everybody unwilling to cooperate with him.(他对工作的冷漠态度使得所有的人都不愿与他合作。)

　　主语＋动词＋宾语＋补语(SVOC)的句型在课本第二单元的语法中已有较详细的论述。请翻译下面的句子：

　　1)His behavior at the dinner party made the host annoyed.　(他在晚宴上的行为使主人很恼火。)

　　2)That film made him famous.(那部影片使他出了名。)

　　3)他刚才的一番话使玛丽很伤心。(What he said just now made Mary very sad.)

　　4)老师对他作文的评价令他失望。　(The teacher's comment on his composition made him disappointed.)

　　5)What he had done made his friends hesitant to accept the invitation.

　　(他的所为使得他的朋友们对接受邀请犹豫不决。)

　　6)他的挥霍浪费使得他的父母不愿意再给他钱。

　　(His unthriftiness made his parents unwilling to give him any more money.)

　　4. One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。

　　Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.

　　这两个都是表语从句和主句中的系动词连用的句子。结构为：主语＋系动词＋表语从句。请看下面的例句：My idea is that we contact him as soon as possible.(我的想法是我们应该尽快跟他联系。)

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) My suggestion is that we should put off the meeting.(我的建议是我们应该把会议延期。)

　　2) One advantage of solar energy is that it will never be used up.　(太阳能的一个优点是用之不竭。)

　　3) 问题是你不在时谁照管孩子。　(The problem is who will take care of the children while you are away.)

　　4) 看起来天要下雨。(It looks that it is going to rain.)

　　请注意辨析another 和other：

　　another由 an＋other构成，只和单数可数名词连用。other可用于所有名词前。another＋单数名词表示不定的“另一个”，the other＋单数可数名词表示特指的“另一个”。

　　请看下面的例句：

　　1) This idea is not very practical， will you think of another one？　(这个主意不太实际，你能另想一个吗？)

　　2) This book is too difficult. Show me another one.(这本书太难了，给我看另外一本。)

　　3) Of the three books in my bag， two are published in China， the other is published in the United States.

　　(我包里的三本书中，两本是中国出版的，另一本是美国出版的。)

　　4) Tom is here， but where are the other boys？(汤姆在这儿，其他的男孩在哪儿呢？)

　　5) I like this coat better than the other one.(两件上衣中，我更喜欢这一件。)

　　6) This camera is more expensive than the other one.(这架照相机比另一架贵。)

　　boiling hot意思是“滚热的，酷热的”。此处的boiling不是形容词而是副词，表示热的程度，修饰hot.

　　5. Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.

　　此句中，that引导的名词性从句作形容词的补足语。例如：

　　1) I am afraid that I can not finish the article in two hours.　(我担心我两小时内写不完这篇文章。)

　　2) He was afraid that he couldn't give you a definite answer.　(他担心他不能给你一个明确的答复。)

　　3) I am afraid that I have made a mistake.(我担心自己犯了一个错误。)

　　4) We are confident that we can overcome all the difficulties.　(我们相信自己能克服所有的困难。)

　　对“be + 形容词 + that引起的从句”这类结构，语法家们有的认为that从句做宾语用，有的认为that从句做状语用。根据句子的逻辑意义来判断也许比较方便一些。如：I'm sorry that you failed the exam again. 这个句子中的that从句起状语作用，相当于“…because you failed the exam again.”

　　6. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific，…

　　在第一单元中我们讨论过副词的同等比较。本句中as big as 则是形容词的同等比较。在这类句子中，可以有表示程度的状语。例如：

　　1) This book is not half as interesting as that one.(这本书还不如那本书一半有趣。)

　　2) My monthly income is only half as much as his.(我的月收入只有他的一半多。)

　　3) This year our university will enroll three times as many students as it did the year before last.

　　(我们学校今年的招生人数将是前年的三倍。)

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) 我的英语口语还不及你的一半流利。(My spoken English is not half as fluent as yours.)

　　2) 这只手提箱还没有那只手提箱一半重。(This suitcase is not half as heavy as that one.)

　　3) 这个房间是那个房间的两倍。(This room is twice as large as that one.)

　　7. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.

　　suppose 常常做动词用，意思是“假定；猜想；认为”。例如：

　　1) Let's suppose it to be true.(让我们假定这是真的。)

　　2) I suppose he is very nervous.(我猜想他很紧张。)

　　3) I supposed him to be an honest man， but he often tells lies.　(我以为他很诚实，他却经常说谎。)

　　在本句中suppose(也可以用supposing)是一个连词，意思是“假设(= if)；假使…结果会怎么样”。例如：

　　1) Suppose he is ill， what shall we do？(假如他病了，我们怎么办？)

　　2) Suppose a tiger should come out of the cage？　(如果一只老虎从笼子中跑出来怎么办？)

　　3) Suppose something should go wrong？(如果出了什么问题会怎么样？)

　　8. It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up.

　　it takes (sb.) some time to do sth. 是很常用的一个句型。例如：

　　1) 我骑自行车到学校要花半小时。(It takes me half an hour to get to school by bike.)

　　2) 他花了两个星期时间才看完那本书。(It took him two weeks to finish reading that book.)

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) It took the boy three hours to finish his homework.(那个男孩花了3小时才写完作业。)

　　2) It takes less than 4 hours to get to Shanghai by train from Nanjing.(从南京乘火车到上海只要不到4小时。)

　　3) 他花了4天时间才走出密林。(It took him 4 days to go out of the forest.)

　　4) 照顾一个生病的老人要花许多时间。(It will take a great deal of time to look after a sick old man.

　　9. On the average the water is a little more than two miles deep， but in places it is much deeper.

　　on the average在句子中的意思是“平均而言”。例如：

　　1) On the average， they drove 70 miles an hour.(他们平均每小时行驶70英里。)

　　2) On the average， they spend 20 yuan on food every day.(他们平均每

天花20块钱吃饭。)

　　a little 在句子中修饰more，表示程度，意思是“一点儿，稍许”。much在句子中修饰deeper，也表示程度，加强形容词比较级，意思是“…多”。例如：

　　1) I feel a little cold.(我觉得有点冷。)

　　2) He spent a little more than 20 yuan yesterday.(昨天他花了20块多一点儿。)

　　3) I feel much better now.(我现在感觉好多了。)

　　4) She is much more careful this time.(她这一次细心多了。)

　　请翻译下面的句子：

　　1) 干了一天的工作，我觉得有点累。(I feel a little tired after a day's work.)

　　2) 她对她的同学有点不友好。(She is a little unfriendly to her classmates.)

　　3) 听了那个消息他开心多了。(He was much happier after hearing that news.)

　　10. This “deep” measures 30，246 feet——almost 6 miles (9.6km)。

　　本句中的deep做名词用，意思是“深处”，“海渊”(水深超过3000英里)。

　　measure 在句子中做动词用，意思是“测量”，“有…深”。例如：

　　1) This room measures 10 metres across.(这个房间宽10米。)

　　2) The bridge measures 17 kilometres long.(这座桥长17公里。)

　　3) The water tank only measures 2 metres deep.(这只水箱只有2米深。)

　　11. One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.

　　本句中的 longest与课文前几段中出现的narrowest，saltiest，deepest一样，都是形容词的最高级形式。因为这几个词是单音节词或是以元音结尾的双音节词，所以，最高级的构成是在词尾加-est.对于大部分两个音节以上的形容词，最高级的构成是在形容词前面加most.请看例句：

　　1) He wants to make everybody believe that he is the happiest person in the world.

　　(他想使每一个人相信他是世界上最幸福的人。)

　　2) This is the strongest horse I have ever seen.(这是我所见过的最强壮的马。)

　　3) The boss wanted to find the most careful employees.(老板想找最细心的雇工。)

　　4) 黄山是我所知道的最美的山之一。

　　(Yellow Mountain is one of the most beautiful mountains I have ever known.)

　　5) 这条高速公路是中国最长的。(This express way is one of the longest in China. )

　　6) 这本书是三本书中最有意思的。(This book is the most interesting of the three.)

　　rise 是一个不及物动词，在句子中的意思是“升起；隆起”。例如：

　　1) The sun rises in the east.(太阳在东方升起。)

　　2) Give the child some medicine， his temperature is rising.　　(给孩子服药，他的体温在升高。)

　　3) The mountain peak rises above the clouds.(山峰高耸入云。)

　　请注意区别以下动词：

　　1) rise 不及物动词 (起立；上升，高耸；浮现)

　　The old lady rose to her feet when she heard the doorbell.

　　The tower rises to a height of 70 feet.

　　An idea rises in my mind.

　　2) raise 及物动词 (举起；养育；提高；召集)

　　If you have any questions， please raise your hands.

　　When Father was in the army， Mother had a hard time raising three children.

　　The management promised to raise the workers''salary after the negotiation.

　　He failed to raise the money for his father''s heart operation.

　　3) arise 不及物动词 (升起；出现；由…引起)

　　Heavy smoke arose beyond the mountain.

　　New problems arise when old ones are solved.

　　His illness arose from malnutrition.

　　4) arouse 及物动词 (唤醒；激起，引起)

　　The noise outside aroused him from sleep.

　　The music aroused a feeling of homesickness in him.

　　floor在句子中的意思是“海底”。在其他语言环境中，floor当然有其他的意思。如；

　　1) He lives on the seventh floor.(他住在7楼。)

　　2) The wood floor gives a feeling of warmth in the winter.　(冬天时，木地板给我温暖的感觉。)

　　3) He was given the floor at the meeting.(他在会上得到了发言权。)

　　4)He decided to floor the kitchen with plastic tiles.(他决定用塑料砖铺厨房地面。)

　　12. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make island

　　top 在句中做名词用，意思是“顶部，山顶”。例如：

　　1) He was the first to climb to the top of the hill.(他第一个爬上山顶。)

　　2) When we stand on the top of the mountain， the whole city is in sight.(我们站在山顶时，整个城市尽收眼底)

　　请翻译下面的句子，注意top的词类和意思：

　　1) He shouted at the top of his voice.(他放声高叫。)-n.

　　2) He is running at the top of his speed.(他正以最快的速度奔跑。)-n.

　　3) He is the top student in the class.(他是班上的尖子学生。)-adj.

　　4) This is the top news of the week.(这是本周的头条新闻。)-adj.

　　5) His father is a top diplomatic advisor.(他父亲是高级外交顾问。)-adj.

　　6) Mother is going to top the cake with cream.(妈妈准备在

蛋糕上浇奶油。)-v.

　　7) He tops his father by half a head.(他比父亲高出半个头。)-v.

　　8) She needs a new skirt to match her top.(她需要一条新裙子配她的上衣。)-n.

　　与top有关的词组：

　　come out top(名列前茅) come out on top(出人头地) from top to bottom(从上到下，彻底地) from top to toe(从头到脚；完全) on top of the world(非常幸福；心满意足)

　　13. Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea.

　　called the Sargasso Sea 是修饰ocean的定语从句，在其前省去了which is.

　　请看下面的例句：

　　1) Opportunities are often thing (that) you have not noticed the first time around.

　　(机会常常是第一次出现时没有被人们注意到的东西。)

　　2) There is much (that) the little boy can do.(有许多是那小男孩能做。)

　　3)He is the right person (that) I want to discuss the problem with.(他正是我想与其讨论这个问题的人。)

　　14. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.

　　days常常指“时期，时代”，有时也表示“一生；生命”。请看例句：

　　1) In his boyhood days， he often went swimming and fishing with his friends.

　　(在他的童年时代，他常常和伙伴们一起游泳，钓鱼。)

　　2) In the days of Queen Victoria， the British colony expanded rapidly.

　　(在维多利亚女王时代，英国殖民地迅速扩张。)

　　3) He has experienced a lot of hardships in his days.(他一生中吃了许多苦。)

　　crew是一个集合名词，指“全体船员”，后面的谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数，此句中谓语动词用的是复数were，因为从句子中可以推断出是许多vessels(船)上的船员。Sometimes they were.句子中省略becalmed.

　　15. The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores.

　　furnish sth. to sb. 意思是“为…提供”，我们同样可以用furnish sb. with sth.来表达这个意思。例如：

　　They furnished blankets and food to the refugees.(他们为难民供应毯子和食物。)

　　No one expected that he would furnish the information to the opponent.(谁也没有料到他会把消息提供给对手。)

　　Luckily， they have furnished us with a car and all the necessary maps.

　　(幸运的是他们为我们提供了一辆汽车和所有必要的地图。)

　　16. One of its famous fishing regions， the Grand Banks， is near Newfoundland.

　　the Grand Banks在句子中做同位语。请看下面的例句：

　　1) This theory was advanced by Einstein， a famous scientist.　　(这个理论是由著名科学家爱因斯坦提出的。)

　　2) This is Mr. Benjamin， dean of our department.(这是我们系主任本杰明先生。)

　　3) Qinghai Lake， the largest inland body of salt water in China， lies 3，198 metres above sea-level.

　　(中国最大的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3，198米。)

　　本课主要词组及句型

　　词组：

　　1. separate from　　　　 2. keep sb. from doing sth.

　　3. be unwilling to do sth. 　4. between A and B

　　5. make sth unusual　　　 6. so…that

　　7. dry up　　　　　　　 8. on the average

　　9. rise from　　　　　　 10. furnish sth for sb.

　　11. pile up　　　　　　 12. from…to

　　句型：

　　A.定语从句：

　　1) The Atlantic is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.

　　2) Ocean currents affect the climates of the land near which they flow.

　　B.表语从句：

　　1) One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。

　　2) Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.

　　C.结果状语从句：

　　1) There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is.

　　2) We now have such fast ways of travelling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.

　　D.形容词的比较级和最高级：

　　1) The Atlantic is only half as big as the Pacific， but still it is very large.

　　2) It is more than 4，000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.

　　3) Even at its narrowest it is about 2，000 miles wide.

　　4) Also， it is the world''s saltiest ocean.

　　5) The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico.

　　E.be one of＋复数名词

　　The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.

　　F.it takes sb. some time to do sth.

　　It would take the ocean about 4，000 years to dry up.

　　地理名称

　　1.(七)大洲和(四)大洋

　　Asia (亚洲) Europe(欧洲) Africa(非洲)

　　North America(北美洲)　South America(南美洲) Oceania (大洋洲)

　　the Antarctic(南极洲)　The Atlantic(大西洋) the Pacific(太平洋)

　　the Indian(印度洋) the Arctic(北冰洋)

　　2.常用词

　　continent (大陆) continental shelf(大陆架)

　　subcontinent(次大陆) volcano(火山)

　　iceberg(冰山) mountain range(山脉)

　　delta (三角洲) waterfall(瀑布)　gulf(海湾)

　　straits channel(海峡) coast line (海岸线)

　　beach(海滩) gulf(海湾)

　　3. 大西洋之最

　　1) The Atlantic is the second largest ocean in the world

　　2) The Atlantic is the saltiest ocean in the world

　　3) Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest in the Atlantic Ocean.

　　4) Gulf Stream is the strongest warm water current in the Atlantic Ocean.

　　5) The Grand Banks near Newfoundland is the most prosperous fishing region in the world.

　　6) The drainage area of the Atlantic is four times that of the Pacific or the Indian.

　　2. 主要属海和岛屿

　　the Mississippi 密西西比河 the Hudson 哈得逊河 the Amazon 亚马逊河

　　the Congo 刚果河 Baffin Bay 巴芬湾 the Nigeria 尼日利亚河

　　the Rhine 莱茵河 the Caribbean Sea 加勒比海 the Mexican Gulf 墨西哥湾

　　the Hudson Bay 哈得逊湾 the Mediterranean Sea 地中海 the Black Sea 黑海

　　the North Sea 北海 the Baltic Sea 波罗的克海 Iceland 冰岛

　　Greenland 格陵兰岛 Faeroe Islands 法罗群岛 Shetland Islands 设得兰岛

　　Bermudas

百慕大群岛 Azores 亚速尔群岛 Grenada 格陵纳达岛

　　Antilles 安的列斯群岛 Trinidad Islands 特里尼达群岛 Malvinas Islands 马尔维纳斯群岛

　　Bahamas 巴哈马群岛

　　Text B The Moon

　　短语表达

　　1. tie to(与…联系在一起；使束缚于…)

　　He is seriously ill and has been tied to his bed for almost a month.　　(他病得厉害，已经卧床近一个月了。)

　　Study ties smoking to many diseases.(据研究，许多疾病与抽烟有关。)

　　I am sorry I didn''t have the time to go shopping with you. I was tied to housework.

　　(很抱歉我没能有时间和你一起去购物，家务杂事把我拴住了。)

　　2. except for(除了…之外)

　　The room is empty except for some chairs.(房间里除了一些椅子空荡荡。)

　　Your composition is well written except for some spelling mistakes.(除了几处拼写错误，你的文章写的不错)

　　3. be near to(靠近)

　　The park is near to our school. Let''s go boating.(公园离我们学校很近，我们去划船吧。)

　　The police station is near to our community. It is within walking distance.

　　(警察局离我们社区很近，步行就能到达。)

　　4. face towards(朝向)

　　My office is in the building that faces towards the street.(我的办公室在那座朝街的楼里。)

　　His new house faces towards the south.(他的新房子朝南。)

　　5. keep…in mind(把…记在心里)

　　I am not sure if he would keep what you have said in mind.　(我不能肯定他是否会把你说的话记在心里。)

　　I will keep this in mind for future reference.(我会记住这个，供以后参考。)

　　6. light up(变亮；使容光焕发)

　　Her face lighted up when she heard the news.(听到那个消息，她面露喜色。)

　　His face was lighted (lit) up with excitement.(他因兴奋而满面春风。)

　　7. reflect(反射)

　　Mirrors reflect light.(镜子反射光。)

　　The white sand reflected the sun''s heat(白沙地反射太阳的热气。)。

　　The light reflected from the water into my eyes.(光线投过水面反射到我眼里。)

　　8. …enough for sb. to do sth.(足以让某人做某事)

　　The room is big enough for us to have a dancing party.　(这间房够大了，我们可以在里面开舞会。)

　　The basket is light enough for the little boy to carry.(这只篮子很轻，那个小男孩能提动。)

　　9. speak of(提到，说起)

　　I have never heard him speak of his past.(我从来没有听他提起他的过去。)

　　She always looks proud when she speaks of her son.　(说到她的儿子她总是很自豪的样子。)

　　10. otherwise(不然；另外的)

　　He reminded me of what I might otherwise have forgotten.　　(他提醒了我，不然我可能会忘记那件事。)

　　He is a little careless， but he is otherwise quite suitable for the job.

　　(他有点粗心，除此以外，他倒是很适合这个工作的。)

　　He is honest， but his twin brother is otherwise.(他很诚实，而他的孪生兄弟则不然。)

　　11. nothing but(仅仅，除了…之外没有什么)

　　There is nothing but a piece of bread in the cupboard.(食橱里除了一片面包什么也没有。)

　　He asked for nothing but trust.(除了信任，他什么要求都没有。)

　　Text A Inproving Your Memory

　　本课主要语言点

　　1. psychological adj. 心理学的

　　Psychological factors often play an important part in winning a competition.

　　(在赢得一场比赛中，心理因素常常起着重要作用。)

　　Make sure all the kids are psychologically healthy.(确保孩子们心理健康。)

　　(the person who studies human mind-心理学家)

　　在希腊语中，psycho表示“灵魂”，“精神”，“心理”。在英语中，有不少词是用psycho做前缀构成的。除了刚才提到的psychology，psychological， psychologist以外，常见的还有：psychoanalysis(精神分析)， psychotherapy(心理疗法)等。

　　2. focus v. (使)聚焦，(使)集中 ( focus on ) 　n. 焦点，中心

　　He is focusing his eyes on a painting on the wall.(他正注视着墙上的一幅画。)

　　Please focus your attention on the main problems.(请把注意力集中在主要问题上。)

　　This area became the focus of the world's attention again.(这一地区再次成为世界注意的中心。)

　　The 27th Olympic Games is now the focus of people's interest.

　　(眼下第二十七届奥运会是人们兴趣的中心。)

　　3. basic adj. 基本的，基础的

　　They didn't make any effort to solve the basic economic problems.

　　(他们没有做任何努力去解决基本的经济问题。)

　　He even didn't have a basic aim in life.(他连生活的基本目标都没有。)

　　There are certain factors that are basic to a good relationship between the two countries.

　　(有些因素对两国之间的良好关系是很重要的。)

　　It is necessary to teach them some basic mathematical skills.(教他们一些基本的数学技能是必要的。)

　　4. principle n. 原理，原则；信念 principal adj. 主要的n. 校长，负责人；委托人

　　He won't give in as it is a matter of principle.(这是一个原则问题，他不会让步的。)

　　The two machines work on the same principle.(这两台机器的工作原理是一样的。)

　　No matter what you do， it is important that you have moral principle.(无论你做什么，道义很重要。)

　　Rice is the principal food for most of the Chinese people.(米饭是大多数中国人的主食。)

　　Go and ask all the principal persons concerned to come here.(去请所有有关的主要人员到这儿来。)

　　She is the principal of that school. (她是那所学校的校长。)

　　5. meaningfulness n. 富有意义

　　mean v. 表示…意思，意味着；打算

　　meaning n. 意思，意义

　　meaningful adj. 有意思的，意味深长的

　　meaningless adj. 没有意思的

　　Meaningfulness and organization are the two basic principles that help memory.

　　(信息的意义和组织是有助于记忆的两个基本原则。)

　　I don't know what he meant by telling me the news.(我不知道他把这个消息告诉我是什么意思。)

　　Can you explain the meaning of the word to me？(你能把这个单词的意思给我解释一下吗？)

　　They failed to get meaningful results from the experiment.(他们在实验中没有得到任何有意义的结果。)

　　It is meaningless to argue any further.(再争辩下去没有任何意义。)

　　6. organization n. 组织；机构

　　organize v. 组织

　　China will surely become a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)。

　　(中国一定会成为世界贸易组织的一员。)

　　Everything is in a mess because there is a complete lack of organization.

　　(由于组织工作的缺乏，一切处于混乱之中。)

　　He organized a strike for better working conditions.(为了争取更好的工作条件，他组织了一次罢工。)

　　He thought the meeting was badly organized. (他认为会议组织得很糟糕。)

　　7. association n. 联合，结合；交往；协会

　　associate v. 使联合；把…联想起来；交往 ( associate with )

　　associate adj. 副的

　　The cultural activity was organized by the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries.(这一文化活动是由中国人民对外友好协会组织的。)

　　The picture reminded me of my brief association with the old lady years ago.

　　(这幅画使我想起了多年前我与那位老太太的短暂交往。)

　　Her hometown has happy associations for her.(她的家乡给了她许多美好的联想。)

　　It is really difficult for me to associate the two ideas.　(对我来说把这两个观点联系起来很困难。)

　　He spent all his spare time associating with boys from the neighboring community.

　　(他把所有的业余时间都花在与邻近社区男孩的交往上。)

　　People always associate the name of Abraham Lincoln with the American Civil War.

　　(人们总是把亚伯拉罕-林肯的名字与美国内战联系在一起。)

　　an associate professor 副教授　　　　an associate editor副主编

　　8. visualization n. 想像，设想

　　visualize v. 设想，想像

　　visual adj. 视觉的；看的见的；形象化的

　　Like meaningfulness and organization， visualization is also helpful to memory.

　　(如同意义和组织，想像也有助于记忆。)

　　I just cannot visualize what might become of him.(我无法想像他会变成什么样。)

　　Even though I was not there， I can easily visualize the scene.(尽管我不在那儿，那儿的情景我不难想像。)

　　I cannot say for sure if it was your visual illusion.(我不能肯定这是不是你的视错觉。)

　　The stories he wrote are extremely visual.(他写的故事非常生动。)

　　9. rhyme v. 韵，押韵

　　rhythm n. 节奏

　　I cannot think of a rhyme for “seven”。 (我想不出一个跟“seven”同韵的词。)

　　She called him Guppy， to rhyme with puppy.(她叫他Guppy，是为了跟puppy押韵。)

　　The rhythm of his speech held the attention of the audience.

　　(他讲话时语调的抑扬顿挫抓住了听众的注意力。)

　　Human biological rhythms are related to the natural cycle of day and night.

　　(人的生物节奏与昼夜的自然循环有关。)

　　10. ability n. 能力，才能

　　Human beings have the ability to learn and use a language.(人类有学会和使用语言的能力。)

　　No matter what you do， try to do it to the best of your ability.(不管做什么，你都要尽力而为。)

　　His ability to master 5 foreign languages wins him the admiration of all his classmates.

　　(他能掌握五门外语的能力赢得了所有同学的钦佩。)

　　He has good speaking ability， but his writing ability is poor.(他说的能力很好，但写的能力差。)

　　He is a man of outstanding ability.(他是一个有非凡才能的人。)

　　11. random adj. 胡乱的，任意的，随意的　　n. 无目的或目标

　　The way the books were arranged seemed completely random.(图书排列的方式似乎很随意。)

　　This is just a random selection of all the complaints we have received about our after service.

　　(我们只是对所收到的有关售后服务方面的投诉随意地选择了一下。)

　　He opened the books at random.(他胡乱地打开了书。)

　　When his wife was away， he piled the soiled dishes in the kitchen at random.

　　(他妻子外出时，他把脏碟子乱七八糟地堆在厨房里。)

　　12. categorize v. 分类

　　category n. 种类；范畴；部门

　　If you categorize the information you need to remember， you will find it much easier.

　　(如果你把所需记忆的信息分类，你就会觉得记忆起来要容易得多。)

　　They categorized 200 songs as folk songs.(他们把两百首歌归为民歌类歌曲。)

　　These books fall into the category of reference books.(这些书属参考书类。)

　　His research does not belong to the category of natural science.(他的研究不属于自然科学范畴。)

　　13. following adj. 接着的，下述的　　prep. 在…之后

　　the following 如下

　　He promised the old man that he would come and see him again the following day.(他答应老人第二天再来看他。)

　　After the meeting the following teachers will stay.(会后，以下的老师请留下。)

　　The following examples will prove my point.(下面的例子将证实我的观点。)

　　Following the discussion a decision was made.(讨论之后便做出了决定。)

　　Following the concert he went home.(音乐会后，他就回了家。)

　　The following are worthy of your attention.(以下几点值得你们注意。)

　　The winners of the competition are the following： …(竞赛获胜者如下：…)

　　14. needless adj. 不需要的，不必要的

　　Needless to say， I don't think much of the proposal he put forward at the meeting.

　　(不用说，我觉得他在会上提的建议不怎么样。)

　　You don't have to take such a needless risk.(你不用去冒这种不必要的险。)

　　Don't you think it is a waste of time to give him so much needless are？

　　(你不觉得给他这么多不必要的关心是浪费时间吗？)

　　15. refer v. ( to ) 提到，涉及；参考，查阅；把…归到…上；使向…请教；有关联

　　reference n. 参考；提及；关联

　　The whole thing is finished now， please don't refer to it.(整个事情都结束了，不要再提了。)

　　He often refers to a dictionary for the spelling and meaning of a word.

　　(他常常翻词典查阅词的拼写和意思。)

　　He referred to her former classmates for her character.(他向她以前的同学询问她的品行。)

　　He referred his defeat to poor health.(他把自己的失败归因于身体不好。)

　　She referred me to Prof. Wang for detailed information.(他叫我去王教授那儿询问详情。)

　　The doctor referred her to a heart specialist.(医生嘱咐她转诊于一位心脏病专家。)

　　These answers are for reference only.(这些答案仅供参考。)

　　His play is full of references to the political events of those days.(他的剧本涉及当时的许多政治事件。)

　　16. relate v. ( to ) 有关联；叙述，讲述

　　related adj. 有关的，相关的

　　relation n. 关系，联系

　　He related the story vividly to the whole class.(他向全班同学生动地讲述了那个故事。)

　　I don't understand how the result related to / with the cause.(我不理解结果和原因如何关联。)

　　If you want me to do this， you have to give me all the related material.

　　(如果你想让我做这件事，你得把所有相关的材料给我。)

　　Don't worry too much about them， they have very good relations.(别太为他们担心，他们的关系很好。)

　　The two countries have established trade relations.(两国建立了贸易关系。)

　　17. accurately adv. 准确地，精确地

　　accurate adj. 准确的，精确的

　　accuracy n. 准确，精确

　　Remember that you have to do this work carefully and accurately.(记住，这项工作得做得细心而准确。)

　　Right now I cannot give you a very accurate estimate.(现在我不能给你一个非常准确的估计。)

　　He required that the typing should be done with great accuracy.(他要求打字必须十分准确。)

　　18. memorize v. 熟记，记住

　　Our English teacher asked us to memorize the words we learned today.

　　(我们英语老师要求我们熟记今天所学的英语单词。)

　　It is no easy thing for me to memorize all these telephone numbers.

　　(熟记这些电话号码对我来说真不是一件容易的事情。)

　　19. repeat v. 重复 repetition n. 重复

　　I didn't quite catch what you said just now. Will you please repeat it？

　　(我没有听清你刚才说的话，请你重复一遍，好吗？)

　　We cannot repeat our mistakes.(我们不能重复自己的错误。)

　　Repetition is necessary in language teaching and learning.(重复在语言教学中是必要的。)

　　He memorized his lines after many repetitions.(经过多次重复他终于熟记了台词。)

　　20. preserve v. 保护，维持；保存

　　You will soon be near-sighted if you don't preserve your eyesight from now.

　　(如果你不从现在起保护视力，你很快会近视的。)

　　What do you think the United Nations can do in preserving world peace？

　　(你觉得联合国能为维护世界和平做些什么？)

　　Deep freezing is the simplest way of preserving food.(深冻是保藏食品最简便的方法。)

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