名师王力等解析2008年全国MBA联考英语真题

　　2008MBA英语试卷的难度和去年相比没有太大的变化，相对来说容易了。

　　词汇题，完型填空部分比较容易，尤其是完型填空部分。

　　I词汇

　　词汇题的第1，2，3，5，12，13，15，17，19基础班重点讲过，

　　1，2，3，5，12，13，154，6，8，10，11，13，14，15，16，18，20系统班　，

　　模考试卷中都有反复讲到和考到这些词汇。

　　再翻翻　核心词汇辨析就更加清楚。

　　II阅读

　　阅读总的来说文章难度比2007年容易。还是紧跟时代潮流，很多热点时事都有涉及，比如：英特网；老师上课有时作为励志的亚洲国家、第三世界国家的崛起；还有同学们平时有关心的美国的暴力犯罪、枪击、枪杀事件等等，应该总的来说题材都是大家耳熟能详的。

　　以下分别谈谈：

　　第一篇阅读讲在英特网上的义物易，也就是barter，在我出的模考2的第一篇关于unemployment 的阅读理解最后一段中有讲到 barter economy. 41 techi之答案的设置也较正常，比07年略简单一些 ，表现在答案的阅读没有成为太主要的考查。泰祺英语团队认为这不能说明MBA的英语出题风格有会有太大的变化的趋势。

　　第二篇阅读讲美国著名的新泽西洲的暴力枪杀事件，新泽西州在美国连续39年犯罪率排在第一名，昨天我和来自美国new york的朋友Chuck 聊天还提到了与他家乡New York接 壤的这个所谓的crime state New Jersy.他把这个州成为 the most dangerous state in US. www.disastercenter.com/crime/njcrimn.htm

　　这篇文章不难，但是最后一题主旨题有可能会陷入陷阱B答案中gun crime 范围过分狭隘，有较大的干扰性。C比较抽象有单词revitalize 很多同学没有理解。

　　第三篇阅读理解是讲已婚男女存私房钱的问题，很有意思，很多考生汗颜，估计不是文章难，是晚上回家要开庭审问honey，或者被honey开庭审问。

　　提一提53题, 文章的题眼：Margeret was once stung in a former relationship. stung 被叮咬说明吃过亏，former 说明关系已经结束。

　　第四篇文章较前三篇难些，开头讲到西方国家设置越来越高的关税壁垒来保护本国相关产业，也就是所谓的protection，而萨科奇作为法国新领导人，还是比较坦诚地面对这个现象的。作为西方强国的领导人能渐渐看到，并在一定程度上承认东方的崛起是不容易的，尤其是在自由贸易的问题上能公开表态。文中作者还是对于西方的所谓自由贸易的虚伪面具进行了挑战。

　　58题、60题有比较大的争议。58题中B、C两个答案是争议所在。选B的理由是the table has turned 这句话，指形势逆转，原来西方经济强调free trade，而亚洲经济如今却更加实行free trade .强调的应该是亚洲经济对于free trade的态度还有做法。笔者倾向于选B，虽然Adovocate 是比较过分的推理。选C的理由认为形势变了，西方经济不如原来有竞争力了，反对的人认为，现在形势逆转的原因不是西方经济不再具有竞争力了，而是亚洲经济在某些方面，特别是出口方面更加生猛。有人认为advocate free trade文中没有提到，但有人认为是implication，但是adovocate有可能是过分的含义的推测。

　　60题，B、C 两个答案的争议。B、There is an inconsistency between western theory and practice.选B的理由：文中倒数第二段第一句有说到不只是 hypocrisy 虚伪本身，还有欧洲经济实体做法也非常有悖他们的理论。明明不再practice free trade ,还要the post of managing director 留在欧洲。笔者倾向于选B。

　　C、Global institutions are not led by true gloabalization adovocates.

　　选C的理由：因为他们没有让其他国家地区的人做MANAGING DIRECTOR 所以他们不是真正意义上的adovocates of globlization。

　　III翻译，难度整体和模拟题相仿。　

　　泰祺同学的应该不会有太大的问题。有几个比较难翻译的地方：

　　1. Projection：文中的意思是 预测、估计。

　　2.pull apart：拆开、分开

　　3.what if questions：“　如果　怎样　“　问题

　　IV 作文：和模三我出的作文香港大学招生有类似。讲教育，经济社会发展后人们对高等教育观念的变化。

　　成人教育adult education，成人高校Adult Educational College

　　总的来说，08年难度和07年相仿，词汇完型填空偏容易。有同学们的努力，当然也有我们系统、模考班英语团队的作用，阅读还是在推论题、主旨题上出现了较难抉择的选项，翻译难度持平，作文没有出怪题，很让我欣慰。

　　王力老师代表泰祺祝愿所有同学考入自己心仪的学校。泰祺等待着大家的好消息！！

　　上海泰祺学校 王力

　　英语答案

　　1.A　2.B　3.C　4.B　5.D　6.A　7.B　8.A　9.B　10.B

　　11.D 12.D 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.C 20.B

　　21.D 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.C 26.D 27.A 28.D 29.C 30.A

　　31.B 32.D 33.B 34.C 35.D 36.A 37.D 38.C 39.A 40.B

　　41.B 42.D 43.B 44.A 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.C

　　51.A 52.C 53.B 54.D 55.A 56.D 57.A 58.B 59.D 60.B

　　英语试题

　　Section I Vocabulary (10 points)

　　Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section . For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B ,C, and D. Choose the best one to complete the sentence, Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.

　　1. Oil is an important material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.

　　A.raw B.bleak C.flexible D.fertile

　　2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to 25 percent of the world’s oil.

　　A. assume B.consume C.resume D.presume

　　3.You shouldn't’t be so I didn't mean anything bad in what I said.

　　A.sentimental B.sensible C.sensitive D.sophisticated

　　4.Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the of art for later generations.

　　A.philosophy B.concept C.viewpoint D.theme

　　5.Member states had the option to from this agreement with one year’s notice.

　　A.deny B.object C.suspect D.withdraw

　　6.The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of irritation.

　　A.mutual B.optional C.neutral D.parallel

　　7.Williams had not been there during the moments when the kidnapping had taken place.

　　A.superior B.rigorous C.vital D.unique

　　8.Travel around Japan today , and one sees foreign residents holding a wide of jobs.

　　A.range B.field C.scale D.area

　　9.Modern manufacturing had a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.

　　A.translated B.transformed C.transferred D.transported

　　10.Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is

　　only by flood.

　　A.exceeded B.excelled C.excluded D.extended

　　11.Voices were as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.

　　A.swollen B.increased C.developed D.raised

　　12.Some sufferers will quickly be restored to perfect health, others will take a longer time.

　　A.which B.where C.when D.whereas

　　13.My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very about the food he eats.

　　A.special B.peculiar C.particular D.unusual

　　14.Britain might still be part of France of it weren't a disastrous flood 200,000years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.

　　A.upon B.with C.in D.for

　　15.The Water Prize is an international award that outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.

　　A.recognizes B.requires C.releases D.relays

　　16.In its 14 years of ,the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.

　　A.endurance B.emergence C.existence D.eminence

　　17.His excuse for being late this morning was his car had in the snow.

　　A.started up B.got stuck C.set back D.stood by

　　18.________widespread belief,cockroaches(蟑螂)would not take over the world if there were no one around to step on them.

　　A.In view of B.Thanks to C.In case of D.Contrary to

　　19.Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still_________the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.

　　A.fit in with B.look down on C.cling to D.hold back

　　20.As you can see by yourself, thigs_________to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.

　　A.turned in B.turned out C.turned up D.turned down

　　Section II Cloze(10 Points)

　　Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B,C,and D.Choose the best one and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.

　　Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes 21 different nations compete against each other in a 22 of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.

　　In order to 23 the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). After all proposals have been 24 , the IOC votes. If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues,with 25 rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, 26 the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the 27 of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors,chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to 28 the Games effectively.

　　The IOC also 29 which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. 30 ,Tokyo,japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, Mexico, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen 31 to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America.

　　32 the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into 33 the host cit’s time zone. 34 the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay 35 higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events 36 ,in prime viewing hours.

　　37 the Games have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television 38 and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many 39 there is also direct government support.

　　Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially 40 . When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, the city was left with large debts.

　　21. A. in B. for C. of D. from

　　22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series

　　23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize

　　24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated

　　25. A. Suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding

　　26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing

　　27. A.site B.stage C.start D. sponsor

　　28. A. state B.stage C.start D.sponsor

　　29. A.thinks B.reckons C.considers D.sponsor

　　30. A.For instance B.As a result C.In brief D.On the whole

　　31. A. in time B. in part C.in case D. in common

　　32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of

　　33. A. amount B. account C.accord D. acclaim

　　34. A. However B. Whatever C.Whenever D. Wherever

　　35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly

　　36. A. live B. living C. alive D.lively

　　37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once

　　38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns

　　39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D.circumstances

　　40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasible

　　Section III Reading Comprehension (40 points)

　　Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.

　　Questions 41to 45 are based on the following passage:

　　Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the chip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power“My whole motto(座右铭) was ‘Start small,think big, and have fun,’ ”says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”

　　Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some S10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites . These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than4, 600 services, from math lessons to ironing.

　　This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier-what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls“the double coincidence of wants.” That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.

　　Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered”because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover,Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.

　　Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to“grade” trading partners for honesty, quality and so on . Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or non-tradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year , a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen .” For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.

　　41. The word“techies” (Line 4, Para . 1) probably refers to those who are________.

　　A. afraid of technology

　　B. skilled in technology

　　C. ignorant of technology

　　D. incompetent in technology

　　42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they________.

　　A. were impressed by his creativity

　　B. were eager to identify with his motto

　　C. liked his goal announced in advance

　　D. hoped to prove the power of the Internet

　　43.The Internet barter system relies heavily on .

　　A.the size of barter sites

　　B.the use of virtual currency

　　C.the quality of goods or services

　　D.the location of trading companies

　　44.It is implied that Internet advertisements can help .

　　A.companies make more profit

　　B.companies do formal exchanges

　　C.media register in statistics

　　D.media grade barter sites

　　45.Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?

　　A.It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.

　　B.It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.

　　C.It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.

　　D.It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.

　　Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:

　　The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all, Yet the murder of three young people. Who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4 th, has shaken the city, A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face, The four victims were by all accounts good kids. All enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.

　　Grassroots organizations, like stop shootin’, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get50,000 to promise to “stop shootin”, start thinkin’, and keep livin’.” The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14 th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance (监视) system tailored towards gun crime.

　　Ccory Booker, who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.

　　When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot . Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.

　　Mr Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes) that after the murder the city will to longer stand by in coldness, For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty-almost one in three people lives below the poverty line-and growing indifference to crime.

　　Some are skeptical, Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60%of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess, But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark: now, a year later, the figure is 30%, Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30% (though the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).

　　46.What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?

　　A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder

　　B.Four young people were killed in a school playground.

　　C.The new mayor of Newark took office.

　　D.Four college students fell victim to violence.

　　47.Judging from the context, the“Community Eye” (Line 5, Para.2) is .

　　A.a watching system for gun crime

　　B.a neighborhood protection organization

　　C.an unprofitable community business

　　D.a grassroots organization

　　48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT

　　A. violence B. flood C. poverty D.indifference

　　49.Mayor Booker’s efforts against crime seem to be .

　　A.idealistic B.impractical C.effective D.fruitless

　　50.The best title for passage may be .

　　A.Stop Shootin’, Start Thinkin’, and Keep Livin’

　　B.Efforts to Fight against Gun Crimes

　　C.A Mission to Revitalize the City

　　D.Violent Murders in Newark

　　Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:

　　According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 per cent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner, While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a from of financial protection.

　　With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.

　　The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult, even more so when children are involved, The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an “escape fund0”.

　　Margaret’s story is far from unique, She is a representative of a growing number of women in bong-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.

　　Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband . She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible ＄100，000 on top of her pension.

　　Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage. “He’d think it was my escape fund so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is , but you can never be sure.”

　　Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.

　　Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen, for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. “I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”

　　“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund and that I feel very secure in our relationship. I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”

　　51.T he trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because .

　　A. “escape fund” helps one through rainy days

　　B.days are getting harder and harder

　　C.women are money sensitive

　　D.financial conflicts often occur

　　52.The word “savvy” (Line 2, Para,2) probably means .

　　A.suspicious B.secure C.shrewd D.simple

　　53.Which inference can we make about Margaret?

　　A.She is a unique woman B.She was once divorced

　　C.She is going go retire D.She has many children.

　　54.The author mentions Colleen’s example to show .

　　A.any couple can we make about Margaret?

　　B.privacy within marriage should be respected

　　C.everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriage

　　D.financial disclosure is not necessarily bad

　　55.Which of the following best summarizes this passage?

　　A.Secret Savers B.Love Is What It’s Worth

　　C.Banking Honesty D.Once Bitten, Twice Shy

　　Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:

　　“The word ‘protection’is no longer taboo(禁忌语)”.This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history, Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.

　　These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness, They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.

　　That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it, Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs. Suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely But there’s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice.

　　A little hypocrisy(虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that keep the post of managing director, But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.

　　The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so . Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.

　　56.It can be inferred that “protection” (Line 1, Para.1) means .

　　A.improving economic efficiency

　　B.ending the free-trade practice

　　C.lowering moral standard

　　D.raising trade tariffs

　　57.The Western leaders preach free trade because .

　　A.it is beneficial to their economies

　　B.it is supported by developing countries

　　C.it makes them keep faith in their principles

　　D.it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith

　　58.By “the tables have turned” (Lines3-4,Para.2) the author implies that .

　　A.the Western leaders have turned self-centered

　　B.the Asian leaders have turned advocates of free trade

　　C.the developed economies have turned less competitive

　　D.the developing economies have become more independent

　　59.The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because if .

　　A.set a long-term rather than short-term goal

　　B.was an essential part of capitalist development

　　C.entailed a positive rather than negative mentality

　　D.was meant to be the destruction of developing economies

　　60.The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that .

　　A.European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocritical

　　B.there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practice

　　C.global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocates

　　D.European countries’ interests are being ignored by economic leaders

　　Section IV Translation (20 points)

　　Directions: In this section there is a paragraph in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　The term “business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal computer and the spreadsheet (空白表格程序) . Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and sub components analyzed. You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended-for example. See how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business, Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.

　　Section V Writing (20 points)

　　Directions:In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on the .

　　ANSWER SHEET.

　　以往许多人报考成人高校，是为圆文凭梦。如今，手持本科.硕士文凭，回头重新重大学的人有人在。据报道，今年报名全国成人高考的上海考生中，有390名本科毕业生，15名硕士生。

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