主题原则之隐蔽的主题题型_新浪教育

主题原则之隐蔽的主题题型

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/05/21 11:07 新浪教育

　　2.隐蔽的主题题型

　　这类题型在设问时较为隐蔽，不像明确的主题题型会直接问“文章的主题是什么”，而且位置也很随意，不会固定在第一道或最后一道。下列例题即为隐蔽的主题题型经常出现的形式，考生应熟悉此类题型的语言形式，以利于审题时准确判断题型。

　　Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent,unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.“Scientific”creationism, which is being pushed by some for“equal time”in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard“scientific”creationism as bad science and bad religion.

　　The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

　　Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:“This book stands for reason itself.”And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

　　From the passage we can infer that.

　　［A］reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate

　　［B］creationists do not base their argument on reasoning

　　［C］evolutionary theory is too difficult for non_specialists

　　［D］creationism is supported by scientific findings［1996.69］

　　［正确答案］B

　　Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as“steering the economy to a soft landing”or“a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.

　　Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 23% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 25% this July. This is a long way below the double_digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.

　　It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 35% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 26% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.

　　Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States,since conventional measures suggest that both economies,and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (56% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off on the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

　　From the passage we learn that.

　　［A］there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates

　　［B］economy will always follow certain models

　　［C］the economic situation is better than expected

　　［D］economists had foreseen the present economic situation［1998.67］

　　［正确答案］C

　　Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is human kind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

　　The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.

　　But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left—all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

　　And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.

　　Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go_ahead to the even more wrong_headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.

　　What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as

　　［A］“It's no use crying over spilt milk”

　　［B］“More haste, less speed”

　　［C］“Look before you leap”

　　［D］“He who laughs last laughs best”［1998.54］

　　［正确答案］C

　　A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap,but,if properly handled,it may become a driving force.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.Its scientists were the world's best,its workers the most skilled.America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

　　It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.By the mid_1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.Some huge American industries,such as consumer electronics,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.By 1987 there was only oneAmerican television maker left,Zenith.(Now there is none:Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.)Foreign_made cars and textiles were sweepingsintosthe domestic market.America's machine_tool industry was on the ropes.For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors,which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age,was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing,and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.The mid_1980s brought one inquiry after anothersintosthe causes of America's industrial decline.Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

　　How things have changed!In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.Self_doubt has yielded to blind pride.“American industry has changed its structure,has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quick_witted,”according to Richard Cavanagh,executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think_tank in Washington,D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as“a golden age of business management in the United States.”

　　What can be inferred from the passage?

　　［A］It is human nature to shift between self_doubt and blind pride.

　　［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

　　［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.

　　［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

　　［正确答案］B

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