考研英语阅读理解2000年真题解析_新浪教育

考研英语阅读理解2000年真题解析

http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/07/23 15:46 双博士丛书

　　2000年第4篇全真考研题

　　Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional workmoral values. Ten yearsago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reas

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on for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't knowswheresthey should go next.

　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of womensintosthe maledominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

　　While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and selfexpression.“Those things that do not show up in the test scores-personality, ability, courage or humanity-are completely ignored.”says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee.“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the“Japanese morality of respect for parents.”

　　But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyles.“In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro,“it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in citiesswherescommunity and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, twogeneration households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the oldsgroupsand family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increasedby more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly onequarter.

　　22.In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was .

　　A. under aimless development

　　B. a positive example

　　C. a rival to the West

　　D. on the decline

　　23.According to the author, what may chiefly beresponsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

　　A. Women's participation in social activities is limited.

　　B. More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

　　C. Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.

　　D. The lifestyle has been influenced by Western values.

　　24.Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　A. Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.

　　B. Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

　　C. More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

　　D. Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

　　25.The change in Japanese lifestyle is revealed in the fact that .

　　A. the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life

　　B. the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.

　　C. the Japanese endure more than ever before

　　D. the Japanese appreciate their present life

　　22. B文章开头提到，Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.战后日本的生产和社会的协调一致为美国和欧洲所羡慕。因此(B)的叙述，在西方人眼里，战后的日本是一个正面的例子是最符合文章内容的表述。

　　23. D总结归纳题。文章第三段(见文中黑体)主要是说因为日本的教育制度忽视了对道德观念的培养，日本青少年的道德观念有所下降，并引用一个教育部官员的话说，从美国引入的自由主义观念使得日本青少年缺乏对长辈的尊重。第四段开头指出，But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyles.更重要的原因是日本人生活方式中发生的变化。与(D)答案相符合，故选D。B“越来越多的工人不满意他们的工作”和C“过分强调了基础学科”都不是日本道德水平下降的直接原因。A“妇女参加社会活动的机会受到限制”，与文中表述不符。

　　24. C文章第三段开头说，While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learningover creativity and selfexpression.

　　虽然外国人经常赞扬日本的教育崇尚基础的培养，但是实际上它强调应试教育，机械化的学习方式，而忽略了创造性和自我表达的能力。这是日本教育亟待改进的地方。A“日本教育因其有助于年轻人的普升而受到称颂”文中并未提及。B“日本教育以死记硬背(mechanical learning)培养创造性能力为其特点”应予以否定。作者在第3段中引用了日本执政党教育委员会主席的话：“对这类东西(即考试)的逆反心理导致儿童的辍学和放任自流”，而D“辍学导致了对考试的逆反心理”，与这段话的意思恰恰相反。

　　25. A细节理解题。

　　日本人生活方式发生的变化是文章最后一段的中心内容。其中解题的关键句为：Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the oldsgroupsand family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell.生活在城市中的日本人很长时间以来忍受着从家到工作单位遥远的路途，以及拥挤的居住状况。但是随着旧的群体和家庭观念的削弱，这种不愉快(对现状的不满)正在(当代青年人中)凸现出来。C“日本人比以往任何时候都能忍耐”与上述表述恰好相反；B“日本的离婚率高于美国”与文中的最后一句“日本的离婚率在过去的10年中增加了50%，但还是低于美国的离婚率”的意思不相符。根据第2段中作者引用的统计数字“只有245%的学生对学校生活表示完全满意，而在美国这一数字却是672%；对工作不满意的日本工人的数量也高于被调查的十个国家”，我们也很难推断出D“日本人欣赏现在的生活。”

　　译文

　　战后的日本不是毫无目标的在发展，其生产率和社会的和谐令美国和欧洲各国所羡慕。但是，日本人也正在经历传统的工作道德价值观的日趋下降。十年前，年轻人工作很勤奋，把工作视为生存的主要目的。然而，现在的日本在很大程度上已满足了经济需求，结果，年轻人不知道下一步该干什么。

　　战后婴儿高峰期的到来以及妇女加入由男性控制的工作市场限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年对攀登从上好学校到找好工作这一严格的社会阶梯所付出的沉重的个人代价产生了怀疑。在最近的一项调查中发现，与67.2%的美国学生相比，只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他十个国家的工人相比，有更多的日本工人对工作不满意。

　　尽管日本因强调基础知识而受到外国人的称赞，但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性地学习而不是强调创造性和自我表现。占统治席位的自由民主党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说：“考分中无法体现的个性、能力、勇气或慈悲心完全被忽视了。对此产生的受挫感导致学生辍学，放荡不羁。”去年，日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中的929起是向教师袭击。在人们的强烈要求声中，许多保守党领导人正在试图恢复到战前那样，即强调道德上的教育。去年，当时任教育大臣的Mitsro Setoyama质疑地指出，二战后美国就业权威人士引入的自由改革措施削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德观。

　　但是，这或许与日本人的生活风格有很大的关系。教育家Yoko Muro说：“在日本，问题绝不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而是你能承受多少。”随着经济的发展带来了居住的集中化。119百万的日本人中，足有76%住在城里。在城市里，社区和大家庭已成为过去，随之取代的是独门独户的两代人家。城市里的日本人长期以来忍受着漫长的上下班交通以及拥挤的生活条件，但是，随着旧的群体及家庭观念的削弱，这种不舒适开始显现出来。过去的十年中，日本人的离婚率，尽管仍远远低于美国，但已上升了50%，自杀率上升了近25%。

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