第一部分   完型填空文章

　　阅读下面的短文。短文中有十五个空白，在文章的后面，每一个空白都列了四个备选答案。请根据文章的内容选择合适的词或短语填在空白处。

　　理工类---C级

　　What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?

　　What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃, which _1_ in Antarctica in 1983.

　　We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in _2__. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃ to -120℃. The temperature depends upon _3__ you are in direct sunlight or shade. Obviously, -120 is colder than our body can safely endure. Thank NASA science for well-designed space __4_ that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes。

　　The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar _5__. Obviously, it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun. Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -120℃. How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again, it depends upon your _6__. We are taught it is supposedly _7__ to have a temperature below absolute zero, which is -273℃, at which atoms do not move. Two scientists, whose names are Cornell and Wieman, have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely _8__ absolute zero. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery, in this case。

　　Why is the two scientists’ work so important to science?

　　In the 1920s, Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting _9__ about special light particles we now call photons. Bose had trouble _10__ other scientists to believe his theory. _11__ he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms _12__ behave as Bose thought — but only at very cold temperatures。

　　Scientists have also discovered that _13__ atoms can help them make the world’s atomic clocks even more accurate. These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second _14__ six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time(d=v × t). With the long distances involved in space _15__, we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance。

　　1. A opened                B occurred             C opposed             D operated

　　2. A Earth                    B space                 C planet                D star

　　3. A whether                 B where                C what                  D when

　　4. A foods                    B beds                   C tools                 D suits

　　5. A wind                            B energy               C system               D rays

　　6. A education                     B status                 C knowledge          D location

　　7. A reasonable             B wonderful          C impossible          D necessary

　　8. A above                    B below                C within                D beyond

　　9. A invention               B theory                C paper                 D experiment

　　10. A convincing           B begging              C ordering             D forcing

　　11. A and                            B though               C but                    D so

　　12. A will                     B would                C must                  D can

　　13. A ultra-small           B ultra-fast            C ultra-hot             D ultra-cold

　　14. A any                            B each                   C every                 D some

　　15. A travel                  B research             C walk                  D station

　　译文：宇宙中哪种气体温度最低？       

　　地球上记录到的最低温度是多少？出现在哪里？地球上最低的温度是-91℃。1983年出现在南极洲。

　　我们讨论宇宙温度时会发现一种有趣的现象。地球轨道上的温度是介于+120℃至-120℃之间。温度的变化取决于是向阳还是背阳。很明显，-120℃远低于人体能忍受的安全温度。幸亏美国国家航空和航天管理局生产出一种装置，保护宇航员不受极端温度的侵害。

　　刚才讨论是有关太阳系中环地球宇宙空间的温度。很明显，离太阳越近，温度越高，反之，温度越底。天文学家预测冥王星的温度大约是-210℃。整个宇宙的最低温度是多少呢？如前所述，这仍要取决于你的位置。原子在-273℃时就不再移动了，这就是所谓的绝对零度，我们都知道不可能再有比绝对零度更低的温度了。科学家Cornell 和 Wieman 成功地将气体的温度降到接近绝对零度，并因此获得了2001年诺贝尔物理学奖。在这一案例中，这两位科学家并不是因为重大的科学发现获奖的。

　　那么，这两位科学家的工作为什么对科学界来说很重要呢？

　　早在20世纪90年代，科学家Satyendra Nath Bose就在研究一种关于发光微粒的理论。这种微粒就是我们现在所说的光子。其他科学家不接受他的理论，Bose对此一筹莫展，只好求助于Albert Einstein。Einstein的计算从理论上证实原子确实能像Bose猜想的那样移动，但必须在超低的温度下。

　　科学家还发现超低温度下的原子可以使原子表更精确。原子表精确之极，每600万年才慢一秒！如此精确的计时有利于人类的宇宙航行，因为航行距离等于速度乘以时间。从地球飞向其他星球的宇宙航程很长，计时越精确，测算宇宙飞行器的即时距离就越精确。

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