第三天6.21

　　正文写作

　　一、段数量：2~4段之间，一段含4~8个句子

　　二、TOPIC SENTENCE内参4页

　　三、过渡句，承上启下

　　l first…second…. Third….

　　l In the first place…in the second place…last but not least…

　　l The major problem with this argument is that…

　　Another problem that weakens/ undermines (削弱) the logic of this argument is that…

　　Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out another flaw (several other flaws) that undermines the argument.

　　四、攻击的方法：

　　例证法：for example / instance

　　假设法：if, even if , given that (考虑到)，granted that (姑且承认), only when (只有当)，unless , in this / that case , even so

　　Unless the arguer provides substantial evidence regarding / concerning / as to…, the assumption that…is unfounded / problematic / unconvincing…

　　推测法：it is possible that…, it is equally possible that…, another possibility is that…, it is also likely that…possibly , perhaps

　　五、运用闪光句型增加文采：P 88

　　六、数据的问题：

　　1. Begging the question把有待证实的关键性假设当作已经成立

　　Circular reasoning循环论证P35 2 , P44 37, P53 73

　　2. Fallacy of missing evidence

　　Hasty generalization急于概括

　　Neglect a relevant evidence忽略相关证据

　　P51 66 , P48 56

　　3. False analogy只看到表层差异，而忽略深层差异

　　P63 112 , P42 29

　　4. False dilemma / either or fallacy非此即彼的错误

　　P59 96 , P43 34

　　5. Non sequitor => non causal relationship

　　P50 62 , P52 70

　　闪光句型:

　　In the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us

　　to evaluate…that…

　　However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding…

　　It is very likely that…