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新浪首页 > 新浪教育 > 英语辅导报社专栏 > 突破难点,直击非谓语动词

突破难点,直击非谓语动词
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/01/16 08:56  英语辅导报

  非谓语动词是高中英语语法教学的重要内容之一,也是教和学上的一大难点。同时,还是高考每年必考的内容之一。为帮助同学们更好地、系统地掌握非谓语动词的相关知识,突破这些难点,现将它们的用法比较如下:

  一、作主语

  非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、分词(含现在分词和过去分词)三种。能够作主语的是不定式和动名词。两者在作主语时的选用应注意以下几点:

  1.动名词为泛指,表示抽象的、笼统的、习惯性的行为;不定式则表示特指,指具体的、一次性的或尚未发生的行为。例如:

  Collecting information is very important to businessmen.

  To collect information is the most difficult job for us to do next.

  2.在It is no use /no good等句型中应用动名词。例如:

  It is no use arguing with her.

  It is no good spending too

  much on smoking.

  二、作表语

  不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词均可用作表语。不定式与动名词作表语时的区别与作主语时相同。例如:

  My job is teaching English.(泛指,多次性抽象行为)

  Your task is to go and help the farmers.(特指,一次性具体行为)

  同时,需要注意对等原则,即:表语使用不定式还是动名词应与主语保持一致。例如:

  Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.

  不定式、动名词作表语时相当于名词,而分词作表语时相当于形容词。现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。例如:

  One of the good exercises is climbing the mountain.(相当于名词,和主语表示同一概念,可与主语互换位置)

  The most difficult challenge is to live without friends.(相当于名词,表示具体的某项行为)

  English is interesting.I am interested in English.

  This news is exciting.The boys are excited at it.

  两类分词作表语时,主要是看其与主语间的关系。若主语为其动作的发出者,则用现在分词;若主语为其动作的承受者,则用过去分词。

  三、作宾语

  不定式和动名词可用作宾语,两者在用法上应注意以下几点:

  1.通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词有:agree,afford,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,hope,intend, manage,offer,plan,pretend, promise,refuse,wish等。例如:

  She failed to come to school yesterday.

  I can't afford to buy such an expensive house.

  2.通常只能接动名词作宾语的动词有:allow,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,escape,excuse,enjoy,finish,imagine,mind,keep, miss,practise,suggest等。例如:

  We can finish building the bridge before the end of next month.

  Would you mind opening the window?

  3.下列动词后接不定式或动名词作宾语意义无大区别:like,love,prefer, hate,begin,start,continue,cease等。例如:

  I hate to go /going swimming with her.

  They continued to read /reading English.

  但在下列情况下,宜用不定式,而不用动名词:1)like,love,prefer,hate等与would或should连用时;2)begin, start,continue等本身用的是进行体时;3)begin, start,cease,continue等的主语为物而非人时;4)后接know,understand,realize等心理活动的动词表示一个逐渐演变的过程时。

  4.下列动词后接不定式或动名词意义不同,试比较如下:

  A、remember/forget to do sth.记得/忘记去做某事;re member /forget doing sth.记得/忘记曾做过某事。regret to do sth.遗憾要做某事;regret doing sth.后悔曾做过某事

  B、try to do sth.尽力做某事;try doing sth.尝试做某事

  C、mean to do sth.打算(意图)做某事;mean doing...意味着……;含义为……

  D、can't help to do sth.不能帮忙做某事;can't help doing sth.禁不住(情不自禁地)做某事

  E、go on to do sth.接下去做另一件事;go on doing sth.继续做同一件事

  5.need,want,require等后接动名词时用主动形式,为主动形式表被动意义。但后接不定式时应使用被动式。例如:

  The problem requires solving /to be solved immediately.

  突破难点,直击非谓语动词(2)

  6.不定式除可用在except,but,besides等后作宾语之外,一般不用作介词宾语。此时,不定式能否省略to,取决于其前是否有行为动词do或其相应形式。有则省略,无则不能省略。例如:

  She did nothing but wash some clothes that day.

  We had no choice except to walk home.

  动名词则常用作介词的宾语。例如:

  She apologized to me for having broken my glasses.

  需要特别注意的是,动名词作介词to的宾语时,极易与不定式结构混淆。这类词组有:get down to,pay attention to,look forward to,be /get used to(习惯于,适应于),lead to(导致)等。例如:

  Let's get down to writing the agreement.

  Are you used to living in China?

  四、作宾补

  不定式、现在分词、过去分词均可用作宾语补足语,现予以比较如下:

  1.用在see,hear,watch,notice等感官动词后作宾补时,不定式常表示动作已结束,强调动作的全过程;现在分词表示正在进行的动作,强调当时的情景,为部分过程;过去分词则表示其与宾语之间为被动关系或有该动作已完成的概念。例如:

  We heard her sing this song before we went in.我们听她唱完这首歌才进去。

  We heard her singing this song when we got there.我们到达时,听见她在唱这首歌。

  We often hear this song sung by her.我们经常听见她唱这首歌。(歌是被唱)

  2.用在have,get,leave(leave不能后接不定式作宾补)等使役动词后作宾补时,不定式强调全过程,现在分词强调进行的状态或持续状态,过去分词表示被动关系。例如:

  Who can get this sick horse to eat?(表示"吃下去")

  We tried our best,but still couldn't get the ma- chine running.(强调启动,进入工作状态)

  The farmers got the planting done before the rains came.(被动,已完成)

  3.用在with复合结构中,不定式表示尚未发生的将来动作,现在分词表示主动关系,过去分词表示被动关系。例如:

  With a lot of work to do,I can't go to the film with you tonight.(工作是"要做",还没有做)

  With the boy leading us the way,we had no difficulty in finding her house.(主动关系,lead为男孩的动作)

  With homework done,Jim went out to play football.(被动关系,作业是被做)

  五、作定语

  不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词均可作定语,可从以下两个方面予以区别:1.位置不同。不定式多为后置定语,动名词多为前置定语,单个的现在或过去分词作定语时一般前置,分词短语作定语时则需后置。2.含义不同。不定式多表示将来的动作,现在分词表示正在进行的动作或主动关系,过去分词表示已完成的动作或被动关系。动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。例如:

  I can't go with you because I have two letters to write.

  Take these sleeping pills and you'll sleep better.(动名词表示用途,而the sleeping child中的sleeping则为现在分词,为其"正在进行的"动作)

  Don't drink boiling water.Drink boiled water.(boiling表示正进行,boiled表示已完成)

  Do you know the man talking with our maths teacher?(表示主动关系)

  I lost the calculator given by my uncle.(表示被动关系)

  另外,不定式、现在分词作定语时也可使用其被动式,应注意它们此时与过去分词的区别。试比较如下:

  The problem to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting(明天会上要讨论的问题)is how to deal with the old building.

  The problem being discussed at the meeting now(现在会上正讨论的问题)is how to deal with the old building.

  The problem discussed at yesterday's meeting(昨天会上讨论的问题)is how to deal with the old building.

  六、作状语

  不定式作状语通常只能表示目的、结果;分词作状语可表示原因、时间、条件、方式、伴随状态、让步等。试比较如下:

  To be a good teacher,you must be strict with your- self and in your work.(目的)

  We got there only to find that they had already left.(结果)

  Not knowing the way,she stopped to ask an old man.(原因)

  Having done all his homework,Li Lei turned on his TV to watch the football match.(时间)

  Given more time,we could have done the job much better.(条件)

  The girls walked home,talking and singing.(方式)

  Lying on the grass,he was thinking of his childhood.(伴随状态)

  Beaten by the Japanese team,we are still in high spirits.(让步)

  (文/安徽宿松王掁祥;英语辅导报高二版03~04学年度第17、18期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)




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