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新浪首页 > 新浪教育 > 英语辅导报社专栏 > 英语知识讲解:有关不定式的几种特殊结构

英语知识讲解:有关不定式的几种特殊结构
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/01/18 08:55  英语辅导报

  不定式是英语学习各个阶段的语法重点及难点,其形式与用法是最为繁杂的语法项目之一,其中又不乏一些特殊形式,我们在学习或应试中不容忽视。下面笔者试对不定式的几种特殊结构进行分析举例,以期能对广大读者的学习有所裨益。

  1.不定式的复合结构

  所谓不定式的复合结构是指"for /of+名词或代词宾格+不定式"结构,for /of之后的名词或代词宾格是该不定式的逻辑主语。此结构在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语等。如:

  (1)It's rather difficult for the people in the village to see the screen.

  对于村庄里的人们来说,很难看到电视屏幕。(主语)

  (2)We think it possible for them to fulfill their production plan within a few weeks.

  我们认为他们在几周内完成生产计划是可能的。(宾语)

  (3)The best thing would be for you to grasp the opportunity to further your education in a postgraduate school.

  最好的事是你能抓住这次机会到一所研究生院深造。(表语)

  (4)It's high time for the factory to replace the old machines with new ones.

  这家工厂早就该用新机器取代旧机器了。(定语)

  (5)The situation is too complicated for him to cope with.

  情况太复杂,他对付不了。(状语)

  如果这个结构前的形容词是描写人的品德、素质的,不定式的逻辑主语就用of来引出。这类常用的形容词有:kind, honest, clever, wise, sensible, nice,tactful, thoughtful, brave, bold, foolish, stupid, wrong, cruel等。如:

  (6)It's very kind of you to help the blind man cross the street.

  你搀扶那位盲人过马路,真是太善良了。

  (7)We think it impolite of him to ask the lady her age.

  我们认为他问那位女士的年龄是不礼貌的。

  2."疑问词+不定式"结构

  本结构中的疑问词多指who,whom, which,what,when,where,whether,how等,why几乎不用于此结构。由于本结构具有名词性质,所以在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等成分。如:

  (1)Where to stay for the night is a most urgent problem.

  晚上在哪儿住是个很迫切的问题。(主语)

  (2)I don't know whether to laugh or to get angry.

  我不知道该大笑还是该发火。(直接宾语)

  (3)He teaches the students how to improve their listening comprehension within a relatively short time.

  他教学生们如何在较短的时间内提高听力理解能力。(间接宾语)

  (4)The problem now is which route to take.

  现在的问题是要走哪一条路线。(表语)

  (5)The question what to do next has not been decided yet.

  下一步该做什么的问题仍然悬而未决。(同位语)

  3.分裂不定式

  不定式符号to与动词之间插入副词,则构成分裂不定式结构。如果不定式涉及到完成体、进行体、完成进行体或被动式时,副词一般插在第一个助动词后;如果强调副词所表达的含义,仍可插在不定式符号to后。如:

  (1)He promised to quickly finish the job assigned to him by his team leader.

  他答应迅速完成队长分配给他的任务。

  (2)My partner seems to have rarely misunderstood me.

  我的搭档似乎很少误解我。

  (3)I'm sorry to have always been inter- rupting you.

  很抱歉我总是打扰你。

  (4)I wish the plan to carefully be made for the experiment.

  我希望仔细制定这项实验计划。

  4.双重被动结构

  双重被动结构是指"be+过去分词+不定式的被动式"结构。这一结构中不定式的被动式在句子中作主语的补足语。如:

  (1)The books here are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.

  不准将这儿的书携带出阅览室。

  (2)He is reported to have been elected chairman of the trade union.

  据报道他被当选为工会主席。

  用于被动语态,后跟不定式的被动式的常见动词有:say,report,propose,allow,permit, order,know,intend,expect,enable,desire,believe,attempt,announce,mean等。

  5.不定式的独立结构

  不定式前有名词或代词主格作其独立主语时,就构成不定式的独立结构,即:"名词或代词主格+不定式"结构。此结构在句子中常作伴随状语。如:

  (1)We divided the work between us,Linda to sweep the floor and I to clean the window.

  我们分了工,琳达扫地,我擦窗子。

  (2)A number of officials followed the emperor,some to hold his robe,others to adjust his girdle,and so on.

  许多官员尾随皇帝之后,有的拎着皇帝的衣袍,有的给他整腰带,等等。

  6."There be"的不定式结构

  和其他谓语动词一样,there be结构可以有自己的不定式形式--there to be,在句子中可以作主语、宾语和状语等。但要注意,there to be作主语时通常有for引导;作介词宾语时只能作for的宾语,而不能作其他介词的宾语。如:

  (1)For there to be a mistake in a computer's arithmetic is impossible.(Or:It is impossible for there to be a mistake in a computer's arithmetic.)

  电脑的计算是不可能出现错误的。(主语)

  (2)The secretary arranged for there to be another interview.

  秘书又安排了一次面谈。(介词宾语)

  (3)I'd like there to be a swimming pool in the garden.

  我希望花园里有个游泳池。(动词宾语)

  (4)It was too late for there to be any bus-es.

  太晚了,不会有公共汽车了。(状语)

  7.固定结构

  在一些固定结构中,如:may /might as well(还是……为好;不如),had better(最好还是……),would rather /sooner /just as soon(宁愿……),cannot help /choose but(禁不住……),cannot but(只能……;只得),let alone(更不用说)等后面要用省略to的不定式。如:

  (1)I can't afford to rent such a house let alone buy it.

  这样的房子我租不起,更不用说买了。

  (2)You'd better leave now before my wife gets home.

  我妻子回来前你最好离开。

  (3)You may as well help me to get things straight.

  你不妨帮我直接得到这些东西。

  (文/河北邢台学院胡德良;英语通大学英语六级考试版2003年第11期;版权归英语辅导报社所有,独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育,未经许可,不得以任何形式进行转载。)




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