新颁行的普通高中《英语课程标准(实验稿)》明确指出,写作教学的目的是通过对学生激活灵感、激发兴趣、整理思路、组织素材、规划结构、遣词造句等基本写作技能的培养,使他们能表达事实、观点、情感、想象力、交流信息,培养规范的写作习惯......。与以往的《英语教学大纲》中规定的能在日常生活中,写简单的书信和通知,书写格式和行文,以及词语无严重错误的要求相比,新课程标准规定的写作要求提高了一个新的层次,更加突出了对谋篇布局,遣词造句,情感表达的要求。本文依据新课程标准对写作提出的新要求,并结合实际经验,谈谈获得高分的高考英语书面表达五大特性:

　　一、条理性

　　条理性是指要合理布局文章结构,首先,在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。例如:题目要求写一篇叙述文,可以按照事情发展的先后顺序来写,若介绍某一场所,可按照空间顺序来安排行文顺序;若是一篇议论文,就应该按照所议论观点顺序来安排结构。全文结构应注意首尾呼应,前后相联。其次,根据需要安排好段落,各段之间要层次分明,每一段落的开头和结尾也要重视,开头语往往是总起句,结尾往往是总结句。

　　例如:2001年高考英语书面表达范文:

　　Dear Dick,

　　How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce the learning load. I don't know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time, I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.

　　Li Hua

　　二、准确性

　　准确性是指要求写出语法正确的句子,包括时态、语态、用词和句法等,但是不少考生由于受汉语思维习惯的影响,在写作时自觉不自觉地产生不规范的表达。要做到准确、地道地表达文章,首先必须要牢记掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达,避免中文式英语,在实践中不断总结中英表达差异,养成用英语思维写作的习惯。试体会下面句子汉英表达上的差异。

　　(1)我等待着你的到来。

　　错误或失误:

　　I'm waiting for you to come.

　　修改意见:

　　I'm looking forward to your arrival.

　　(NMET 2003范文)

　　(2)现在我详细地给你介绍屋子的情况。

　　错误或失误:

　　Now I am going to introduce the room to you carefully.

　　修改意见:

　　Now I am going to give you a detailed description of the room.(NMET 2003范文)

　　(3)工人们热烈欢迎我们来参观农场。

　　错误或失误:

　　The worker welcomed us to visit the farm.

　　修改意见:

　　The worker gave us a warm welcome.(NMET 1998范文)

　　其次,要多读多背,在精读中汲取营养,对于好的句子最好背诵下来,适时用于写作训练中。其中,英语中的一些常识性语句就是非常典型的背诵材料。如:在写通知时,

　　开头语:Attention, please. / May I have your attention, please? / I'll have an announcement to make.

　　结尾语:Don't forget the time and the address. / I'm sure you'll have a lot of fun. / That's all, thank you.

　　在写参观欢迎词时,开头语:Welcome to our city. / Now let me tell you something about our school.

　　结尾语:I'm sure you'll have a good trip. That's all. Thank you.

　　写信时,开头语:I am glad to hear from you. / I'm writing to tell you something

　　about... / How are you getting along with your studies? / I really don't know how to thank you for your...

　　结尾语:Please give my best regards to... / I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon... / Remember me to your parents等。

　　正确牢记这些惯用语,无疑可以增添句子表达的准确性,减少不必要的错误,从而提高书面表达的档次。

　　三、流畅性

　　流畅性是指根据整篇文章意思的需要,有效采用不同的连接手段,以使文章层次清晰,行文连贯。关联词就是常用的连接手段之一:

　　1.表示平行、对等或选择关系

　　and, both...and, as well as, neither... nor, also, not only...but also

　　2.表示转折关系

　　but, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, although, otherwise, while

　　3.表示对比关系

　　on the contrary, instead of, on the other hand, just like, unlike

　　4.表示因果关系

　　so, for, therefore, as a result, because, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of

　　5.表示时间、顺序关系

　　shortly after, first, second..., then, next, finally, for one thing, for another thing, in the end, eventually

　　6.表示递进、强调关系

　　besides, furthermore, what's more, in addition, moreover, worse still, above all, to make matters worse

　　7.表示解释、说明关系

　　namely, actually, such as, for example, instance, that is to say, in other words, and so on, to tell you the truth, according to this

　　8.表示结论

　　in short, in brief, in a word, in general, as you know, as far as I know, on the whole

　　这些关联词的恰当使用无疑能使全文过渡自然,令读者对后续的句子产生心理的期待和准备,增强句子间的逻辑性和紧凑性。本文前面刊载的NMET 2001书面表达范文,就使用了许多关联词(见范文划线处)。

　　四、简洁多样性

　　简洁性就是做到语言简洁,不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。新课程标准中写作的评价标准,强调了语言表达的能力:语言结构和词汇要丰富。因此,在确保行文准确流畅的前提下,需要文字清新简洁,语句灵活多变,使文章的语言结构更加丰富多彩。我们可以采用以下几种方式:

　　1.合理利用介词或名词代替动词,能有效降低句子的复杂性,在令句子通顺自然的同时,也能减少语法错误。试体会下面黑体部分被括号内词语替代后的效果。

　　(1)The flat has an area of 25 square metres and there is a bedroom, a bathroom, and a kitchen. (with)

　　(2)I was pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something that has taken place in our school. (about)

　　(3)I have a surprise to give you. (for)

　　2.使用短语结构来简化从句或合并短句。常见的结构有介词短语、名词短语、非谓语动词、独立主格结构、同位语等结构。

　　(1) The young man pointed to a policeman not far away and said,"He stopped us an hour ago and told us to catch the offender".

　　修改意见:Pointing to a policeman not far away, the young man explained, "He stopped us an hour ago and told us to catch the offender. "(NMET 1997范文)

　　(2) My brother was riding the bike and I sat on the seat behind him.

　　修改意见:My brother was riding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind.(NMET1997)

　　3.通过合句,将意义相关的几个句子,用一定的连接方式连接起来,或通过紧缩,去掉一些多余的成分可以避免冗长累赘,松散无力,使句子凝炼,层次清晰。

　　(1) I was walking along Park Road towards the east. At that time, an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.

　　修改意见:I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. (NMET 2000范文)

　　(2) The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.

　　修改意见:The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET 2003范文)

　　(3) I can follow my own interests. I can read books, visit museums and take computer lessons.

　　修改意见:I can follow my own interests. Such as reading books, visiting museums and taking computer lessons. (NMET 2001范文)

　　4.尝试改变句子的开头方式,不要一味地都是主语开头,接着是谓语、宾语,最后再加一个状语。要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等,这样能增加文章的节奏和韵律美。

　　(1) We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.

　　修改意见:Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together. (NMET 1998范文)

　　(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

　　修改意见:What we had to do was stand there to catch the offender. (NMET 1997范文)

　　(3)Our brave Ah Fu had saved my little sister.

　　修改意见:It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister. (NMET 1993范文)

　　五、思想性

　　新标准对写作的要求,增加了情感因素,在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时,适当增加句子的感情色彩,增加一些人情味,使文章读起来更亲切,完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。如:

　　(1) Do you think you'll like it? If not, I

　　can try and find another flat for you. (NMET 2001范文)

　　(表现了作者对朋友尽职尽责的心情,回信由此充满浓厚的感情色彩)

　　(2) As far as I know, everyone is happy about the arrangement of things. (NMET 2001范文)

　　(表现了作者对减负后喜悦的心情)

　　(3) I hope you can come to China to watch the Olympic Games in 2008. Then I'll be very happy to be your guide. (NMET 2002北京春季范文)

　　(表现了作者对朋友的深厚的友谊)

　　(文/王中锋谢京敏；英语通高三版2004年第2期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)